Second Kashmir War

Indo–Pakistani War of 1965
Part of the Indo–Pakistani war and conflicts
Geopolitical map of Kashmir provided by American CIA, ca. 2004
Date August – 23 September 1965 Location Western Front Indo-Pakistani border Line of Control, Working Boundary, Radcliffe Line, Sir Creek, and Zero-Point Arabian sea Eastern Front India-East Pakistan border Result Inconclusive; United Nations mandated ceasefire. No permanent territorial changes (see Tashkent Declaration).
Belligerents
India	Pakistan
Commanders and leaders
S. Radhakrishnan (President of India) Lal Bahadur Shastri (Prime Minister of India) Gen. J.N. Chaudhuri (Chief of the Army Staff) Lt.Gen. Prabhakar Kumar (Vice-Chief of the Army Staff) Lt.Gen. Harbaksh Singh (GOC-in-C, Western Command) Lt.Gen Zorawar Bakhshi (GOC-in-C, Northern Command) Lt.Gen P.O. Dunn (GOC-in-C, Southern Command) Lt.Gen Joginder Dhillon (GOC-in-C, XI Corps) ACM Arjan Singh (Chief of the Air Staff) Adm Bhaskar Soman (Chief of the Naval Staff)	Ayub Khan (President of Pakistan) Gen Musa Khan (Cdr-in-Chief, Army) Lt.Gen Bakhtiar Rana (Commander, I Corps) Lt.Gen Attiqur Rahman (Commander, IV Corps) MGen A.H. Malik (GOC, 12th Infantry Division) MGen Yahya Khan (GOC, 7th Infantry Division) AM Nur Khan (Cdr-in-Chief, Air Force) VAdm A.R. Khan (Cdr-in-Chief, Navy) RAdm S.M. Ahsan (DG Naval Intelligence) Cdre S.M. Anwar (Commander, 25th Destroyer Sqn)
Strength
700,000 Infantry 700+ aircraft 720 Tanks 186 Centurions 346 Shermans 90 AMX 90 PT-76 628 Artillery 66x 3.7"How 450x 25pdr 96x 5.5" 16x 7.2"	260,000 Infantry 280 aircraft 756 Tanks 352 Pattons 308 Shermans 96 Chaffees 552 Artillery 72x105mm How 234X25pdr 126x155mm How 48x8" How 72x3.7" How POK Lt Btys
Casualties and losses
Neutral claims 3,000 men 150–190 tanks 60–75 aircraft 540 km2 (210mi2) of territory lost (primarily in Rann of Kutch) Indian claims 35–59 aircraft lost In addition, Indian sources claim that there were 13 IAF aircraft lost in accidents, and 3 Indian civilian aircraft shot down. 322 km2 territory lost Pakistani claims 8,200 men killed or captured 110–113 aircraft destroyed 500 tanks captured or destroyed 2602, 2575 km2 territory gained 1600 square miles territory gained according to Husain Haqqani	Neutral claims 3,800 men 200-300 Tanks 20 aircraft Over 1,840 km2 (710 mi2) of territory lost (primarily in Sialkot, Lahore, and Kashmir sectors) Pakistani claims 19 aircraft lost Indian claims 5259 men killed or captured 43 −73 aircraft destroyed 471 tanks destroyed 3,900 km2 territory gained

Eastern Front

700,000 Infantry
700+ aircraft
720 Tanks

628 Artillery

260,000 Infantry
280 aircraft
756 Tanks

552 Artillery

Neutral claims

Indian claims

Pakistani claims

Neutral claims

Pakistani claims

Indian claims

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India. The conflict began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule. India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on West Pakistan. The seventeen-day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and witnessed the largest engagement of armored vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II. Hostilities between the two countries ended after a United Nations mandated ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and the United States, and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration. Much of the war was fought by the countries' land forces in Kashmir and along the border between India and Pakistan. This war saw the largest amassing of troops in Kashmir since the Partition of British India in 1947, a number that was overshadowed only during the 2001–2002 military standoff between India and Pakistan. Most of the battles were fought by opposing infantry and armoured units, with substantial backing from air forces, and naval operations. The war exposed Pakistan's inadequate standards of military training, its misguided selection of officers, poor command and control arrangements, poor intelligence gathering and bad intelligence procedures. In spite of these shortcomings, the Pakistan Army managed to fight the larger Indian Army. Many details of this war, like those of other Indo-Pakistani Wars, remain unclear.

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