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Second Kashmir War

Indo–Pakistani War of 1965
Part of the Indo–Pakistani war and conflicts
Kashmir region 2004.jpg
Geopolitical map of Kashmir provided by American CIA, ca. 2004
Date August – 23 September 1965
Location Western Front

Eastern Front

Result
Belligerents
 India  Pakistan
Commanders and leaders
India S. Radhakrishnan
(President of India)
India Lal Bahadur Shastri
(Prime Minister of India)
Gen. J.N. Chaudhuri
(Chief of the Army Staff)
Lt.Gen. Prabhakar Kumar
(Vice-Chief of the Army Staff)
Lt.Gen. Harbaksh Singh
(GOC-in-C, Western Command)
Lt.Gen Zorawar Bakhshi
(GOC-in-C, Northern Command)
Lt.Gen P.O. Dunn
(GOC-in-C, Southern Command)
Lt.Gen Joginder Dhillon
(GOC-in-C, XI Corps)
ACM Arjan Singh
(Chief of the Air Staff)
Naval Ensign of India.svg Adm Bhaskar Soman
(Chief of the Naval Staff)
Ayub Khan
(President of Pakistan)
Gen Musa Khan
(Cdr-in-Chief, Army)
Lt.Gen Bakhtiar Rana
(Commander, I Corps)
Lt.Gen Attiqur Rahman
(Commander, IV Corps)
MGen A.H. Malik
(GOC, 12th Infantry Division)
MGen Yahya Khan
(GOC, 7th Infantry Division)
AM Nur Khan
(Cdr-in-Chief, Air Force)
VAdm A.R. Khan
(Cdr-in-Chief, Navy)
RAdm S.M. Ahsan
(DG Naval Intelligence)
Cdre S.M. Anwar
(Commander, 25th Destroyer Sqn)
Strength

700,000 Infantry
700+ aircraft
720 Tanks

628 Artillery

  • 66x 3.7"How
  • 450x 25pdr
  • 96x 5.5"
  • 16x 7.2"

260,000 Infantry
280 aircraft
756 Tanks

552 Artillery

  • 72x105mm How
  • 234X25pdr
  • 126x155mm How
  • 48x8" How
  • 72x3.7" How
  • POK Lt Btys
Casualties and losses

Neutral claims

  • 3,000 men
  • 150–190 tanks
  • 60–75 aircraft
  • 540 km2 (210mi2) of territory lost (primarily in Rann of Kutch)

Indian claims

  • 35–59 aircraft lost In addition, Indian sources claim that there were 13 IAF aircraft lost in accidents, and 3 Indian civilian aircraft shot down.
  • 322 km2 territory lost

Pakistani claims

  • 8,200 men killed or captured
  • 110–113 aircraft destroyed
  • 500 tanks captured or destroyed
  • 2602, 2575 km2 territory gained
    1600 square miles territory gained according to Husain Haqqani

Neutral claims

  • 3,800 men
  • 200-300 Tanks
  • 20 aircraft
  • Over 1,840 km2 (710 mi2) of territory lost (primarily in Sialkot, Lahore, and Kashmir sectors)

Pakistani claims

  • 19 aircraft lost

Indian claims

  • 5259 men killed or captured
  • 43 −73 aircraft destroyed
  • 471 tanks destroyed
  • 3,900 km2 territory gained

Eastern Front

700,000 Infantry
700+ aircraft
720 Tanks

628 Artillery

260,000 Infantry
280 aircraft
756 Tanks

552 Artillery

Neutral claims

Indian claims

Pakistani claims

Neutral claims

Pakistani claims

Indian claims

The Indo-Pakistani War of 1965 was a culmination of skirmishes that took place between April 1965 and September 1965 between Pakistan and India. The conflict began following Pakistan's Operation Gibraltar, which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against Indian rule. India retaliated by launching a full-scale military attack on West Pakistan. The seventeen-day war caused thousands of casualties on both sides and witnessed the largest engagement of armored vehicles and the largest tank battle since World War II. Hostilities between the two countries ended after a United Nations mandated ceasefire was declared following diplomatic intervention by the Soviet Union and the United States, and the subsequent issuance of the Tashkent Declaration. Much of the war was fought by the countries' land forces in Kashmir and along the border between India and Pakistan. This war saw the largest amassing of troops in Kashmir since the Partition of British India in 1947, a number that was overshadowed only during the 2001–2002 military standoff between India and Pakistan. Most of the battles were fought by opposing infantry and armoured units, with substantial backing from air forces, and naval operations. The war exposed Pakistan's inadequate standards of military training, its misguided selection of officers, poor command and control arrangements, poor intelligence gathering and bad intelligence procedures. In spite of these shortcomings, the Pakistan Army managed to fight the larger Indian Army. Many details of this war, like those of other Indo-Pakistani Wars, remain unclear.


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