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Politics of Czechoslovakia

Czechoslovakia
Československo
Česko‑Slovensko
1918–1992
1939–1945: Government-in-exile
Lesser coat of arms (1918–1960)
Lesser coat of arms (1918–1960)
Motto
"Pravda vítězí / Pravda víťazí" (Czech / Slovak, 1918–1990)
"Veritas vincit" (Latin, 1990–1992)
"Truth prevails"
Anthem
Location and extent of Czechoslovakia in Europe
before and after World War II.
Capital Prague (Praha)
Languages Czech · Slovak · German · Yiddish · Ruthenian
Demonym Czechoslovak
Government Republic
President
 •  1918–1935 Tomáš G. Masaryk
 •  1935–1938 · 1945–1948 Edvard Beneš
 •  1938–1939 Emil Hácha
 •  1948–1953 Klement Gottwald
 •  1953–1957
 •  1957–1968 Antonín Novotný
 •  1968–1975 Ludvík Svoboda
 •  1975–1989 Gustáv Husák
 •  1989–1992 Václav Havel
Prime Minister
 •  1918–1919 (first) Karel Kramář
 •  1992 (last) Jan Stráský
Historical era 20th century
 •  Independence 28 October 1918
 •  German occupation 1939
 •  Liberation 9 May 1945
 •  Coup d'etat 25 February 1948
 •  Velvet Revolution Nov–Dec 1989
 •  Dissolution 31 December 1992
Area
 •  1921 140,446 km2 (54,227 sq mi)
 •  1992 127,900 km2 (49,400 sq mi)
Population
 •  1921 est. 13,607,385 
     Density 97/km2 (251/sq mi)
 •  1992 est. 15,600,000 
     Density 122/km2 (316/sq mi)
Currency Czechoslovak koruna
Internet TLD .cs
Calling code +42
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Austria-Hungary
Kingdom of Bohemia
Zakarpattia Oblast
Czech Republic
Slovak Republic
Today part of  Czech Republic
 Slovakia
 Ukraine
Calling code +42 was withdrawn in the winter of 1997. The number range was divided between the Czech Republic (+420) and Slovak Republic (+421).
Current ISO 3166-3 code is "CSHH".

Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia/ˌɛkslˈvækiə, -kə-, -slə-, -ˈvɑː-/ (Czech and Slovak: Československo, Česko-Slovensko) was a sovereign state in Central Europe that existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until its peaceful dissolution into the Czech Republic and Slovak Republic on 1 January 1993.

From 1939 to 1945, following its forced division and partial incorporation into Nazi Germany, the state did not de facto exist but its government-in-exile continued to operate.

From 1948 to 1990, Czechoslovakia was part of the Soviet bloc with a command economy. Its economic status was formalized in membership of Comecon from 1949, and its defense status in the Warsaw Pact of May 1955. A period of political liberalization in 1968, known as the Prague Spring, was forcibly ended when the Soviet Union, assisted by several other Warsaw Pact countries, invaded. In 1989, as Marxist–Leninist governments and communism were ending all over Europe, Czechoslovaks peacefully deposed their government in the Velvet Revolution; state price controls were removed after a period of preparation. In 1993, Czechoslovakia split into the two sovereign states of the Czech Republic and Slovakia.


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