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Oxycodone

Oxycodone
Oxycodone.svg
Oxycodone3.png
Clinical data
Trade names many
AHFS/Drugs.com Monograph
MedlinePlus a682132
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: C
  • US: B (No risk in non-human studies)
Dependence
liability
High
Routes of
administration
By mouth, sublingual, intramuscular, intravenous, intranasal, subcutaneous, transdermal, rectal, epidural
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability 60–87%
Protein binding 45%
Metabolism Hepatic: mainly CYP3A, and, to a much lesser extent, CYP2D6 to oxymorphone (~5%); 95% metabolized (i.e., 5% excreted unchanged)
Onset of action 10–30 minutes (IR)
1 hour (CR)
Biological half-life 2–3 hours (IR) (variable) (same t1/2 for all ROAs)
4.5 hours (CR)
Duration of action 3–6 hours (IR) (variable)
12 hours (CR)
Excretion Urine (83%)
Identifiers
Synonyms Eukodal, eucodal; dihydrohydroxycodeinone, 7,8-dihydro-14-hydroxycodeinone, 6-deoxy-7,8-dihydro-14-hydroxy-3-O-methyl-6-oxomorphine
CAS Number
PubChem CID
IUPHAR/BPS
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ECHA InfoCard 100.000.874
Chemical and physical data
Formula C18H21NO4
Molar mass 315.364 g/mol
3D model (Jmol)
Solubility in water HCl: 166 mg/mL (20 °C)
  

Oxycodone is a semisynthetic opioid synthesized from thebaine, an opioid alkaloid found in the Persian poppy, and one of the many alkaloids found in the opium poppy. It is a moderately potent opioid analgesic, generally indicated for relief of moderate to severe pain. Oxycodone was developed in 1917 in Germany as one of several semi-synthetic opioids in an attempt to improve on the existing opioids.

Oxycodone is available as single-ingredient medication in immediate release and controlled release. Parenteral formulations of 10 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL are available in the UK for IV/IM administration. Combination products are also available as immediate-release formulations, with non-narcotic analgesic ingredients such as paracetamol (acetaminophen) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including aspirin and ibuprofen. An abuse-deterrent combination with naloxone is available in managed-release tablets. If injected, the naloxone precipitates opioid withdrawal symptoms and blocks the effect of the medication.

Oxycodone has been in clinical use since 1916, and it is used for managing moderate to moderately severe acute or chronic pain. It has been found to improve quality of life for those with many types of pain. Experts are divided regarding use for non cancer-related chronic pain, as most opioids have great potential for dependence and may also create paradoxical pain sensitivity.

Oxycodone is available as controlled-release tablet, intended to be taken every 12 hours. A 2006 review found that controlled-release oxycodone is comparable to instant-release oxycodone, morphine, and hydromorphone in management of moderate to severe cancer pain, with fewer side effects than morphine. The author concluded that the controlled release form is a valid alternative to morphine and a first-line treatment for cancer pain. In 2014, the European Association for Palliative Care recommended oral oxycodone as a second-line alternative to oral morphine for cancer pain.


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Wikipedia

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