Macedonia 1916–17

Macedonian Front
Part of the Balkans Theatre (World War I)
From left to right: a soldier from Indochina, a Frenchman, a Senegalese, an Englishman, a Russian, an Italian, a Serb, a Greek, and an Indian.
Date 21 October 1915 – 30 September 1918 Location Macedonia Result Allied victory Armistice of Salonica
Belligerents
Central Powers:  Bulgaria  Austria-Hungary  German Empire  Ottoman Empire (1916–1918)	Allied Powers:  Serbia  France  United Kingdom  Russian Empire (until 1917)  Italy (1916–1918)  Greece (1916/17–1918)
Commanders and leaders
Nikola Zhekov Georgi Todorov Kliment Boyadzhiev Dimitar Geshov Stefan Nerezov Vladimir Vazov Karl von Pflanzer-Baltin August von Mackensen Otto von Below Friedrich von Scholtz	Maurice Sarrail Adolphe Guillaumat Franchet d'Esperey George Milne Petar Bojović Živojin Mišić Mikhail Dieterichs Ernesto Mombelli Panagiotis Danglis
Units involved
Army Group Scholtz 11th German Army 1st Bulgarian Army 2nd Bulgarian Army 61st German Corps 2nd Bulgarian Division 3rd Bulgarian Division 302nd German Division 9th Bulgarian Division	Allied Army of the Orient Armée d'Orient 1st Serbian Army 2nd Serbian Army British Salonika Army Army of National Defence 35th Italian Division
Strength
1918 550,000 men 18,000 men 1,217 artillery pieces 2,710 machine guns 30 aeroplanes 29,000 men (Dec.1916 – May 1917), afterwards 4,300 (until May 1918).	1918 717,000 men 2,609 artillery pieces 2,682 machine guns 6,434 automatic rifles 200 aeroplanes
Casualties and losses
37,000 ? few thousand	c. 40,000  ? 27,506+ 27,000 10,538

1918

1918

The Macedonian Front of World War I, also known as the Salonica Front (after Thessaloniki), was formed as a result of an attempt by the Allied Powers to aid Serbia, in the fall of 1915, against the combined attack of Germany, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria. The expedition came too late and in insufficient force to prevent the fall of Serbia, and was complicated by the internal political crisis in Greece (the "National Schism"). Eventually, a stable front was established, running from the Albanian Adriatic coast to the Struma River, pitting a multinational Allied force against the Bulgarian Army, which was at various times bolstered with smaller units from the other Central Powers. The Macedonian Front remained quite stable, despite local actions, until the great Allied offensive in September 1918, which resulted in the capitulation of Bulgaria and the liberation of Serbia.

Following the asassination of the Crown Prince by a Bosnian Serb, Austria-Hungary had attacked Serbia in August 1914 but had failed to overcome Serbian resistance. After the entry of the Ottoman Empire into the war on the side of the Central Powers (November 1914), the decisive factor in the Balkans became the attitude of Bulgaria. Bulgaria occupied a strategically important position on the Serbian flank and its intervention on either side of the belligerents would be decisive. Bulgaria and Serbia had fought each other twice in the previous thirty years: in the Serbo-Bulgarian War of 1885 and in the Second Balkan War of 1913. Bulgaria had suffered defeat in 1913 and the Bulgarian government and people generally felt that Serbia had stolen land which rightfully belonged to Bulgaria. While the Allies could only offer Bulgaria small territorial concessions from Serbia and neutral Greece, the Central Powers' promises appeared far more enticing, as they offered to cede most of the land which Bulgaria claimed. With the Allied defeats at the Battle of Gallipoli (April 1915 to January 1916) and the Russian defeat at Gorlice-Tarnów (May to September 1915) demonstrating the Central Powers' strength, King Ferdinand signed a treaty with Germany and on 21 September 1915 Bulgaria began mobilizing for war.

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