Jixia Academy
| Jixia Academy | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 稷下學宮 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Simplified Chinese | 稷下学宫 | ||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Transcriptions | |
|---|---|
| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Jìxià xuégōng |
| Gwoyeu Romatzyh | Jihshiah shyuegong |
| Wade–Giles | Chi4-hsia4 hsüeh2-kung1 |
| IPA | [tɕîɕjâ ɕɥěkʊ́ŋ] |
| Yue: Cantonese | |
| Yale Romanization | Jīk-haah hohk-gūng |
| Jyutping | Zik1-haa6 hok6-gung1 |
| Southern Min | |
| Tâi-lô | Tsik-hā ha̍k-kiong |
The Jixia Academy or Academy of the Gate of Chi was a scholarly academy during the Warring States period. It was located in Linzi, the capital of Qi (present-day Shandong). The academy took its name from its position outside the city's western gate, named for the harvest god Ji.
Based on passages in the Records of the Grand Historian, the academy is generally credited to King Xuan and given a foundation date around 318 BC. However, Xu Gan credited the academy to King Xuan's grandfather, Duke Huan, and Sima Qian's passages are consistent with King Xuan having restored – rather than established – the institution. Although the academy has been summarized as "the first time on record a state began to act as a patron of scholarship out of the apparent conviction that this was a proper function of the state", others argue that the Huanglao political theories and the prestige produced by the project were undertaken merely to bolster the Tian clan's legitimacy following Duke Tai's overthrow of Qi's previous Jiang dynasty and Duke Huan's execution of his brother, nephew, and mother.
Scholars – including the most renowned of the era – came from great distances to lodge in the academy: the Taoist philosophers Tian Pia, Shen Dao, Peng Meng, and possibly Zhuangzi;Zou Yan, the founder of the School of Naturalists; the Mohist philosopher Song Xing; and the Confucian philosophers Mencius,Xun Zi, and Chunyu Kun. The famous scenes of the Mencius dealing with King Xuan arose from the philosopher's time at the academy. The Jixia Academy was also the original center of the Huanglao school and was involved with the compilation of the Guanzi essay "Inward Training" (內業, Nèiyè) that is the oldest received writing concerning "cultivation of vapor" and meditation. Some have argued it was the probable location for the editing and redaction that produced the current Tao Teh Ching.
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