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Fulani Empire

Al Khilafa al Bilad As-Sudan
Daular Khalifar Sakkawato
Al Khilafa Al Bilad As-Sudan
Imperial Caliphate
1804–1903


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Motto
Ad Daulat al Khilfa al Bilad asSudan "The Caliphal State in Bilad As Sudan"
Anthem
Imperial Drum Beat
Sokoto Caliphate, 19th century
Capital Gudu
(1804)
Sokoto
(1804-1850), (1851-1902)
Birnin Konni
(1850)
Sokoto
(1851-1903)
Burmi
(1903)
Languages Arabic (official), Hausa, Fula
Religion Sunni Islam
Government Oligarchic republic
(1804–1832)
Theological monarchy
(1832–1903)
List of Sultans of Sokoto
 •  1804-1832 Uthman Ibn Fodio I (first)
 •  1896–1903 Muhammadu Attahir (last)
Grand Vizier
 •  ???–1832 Gidago dan Laima (first)
 •  1890-1903 Muhammadu al-Bukhari (last)
Legislature Shura
History
 •  Founded 4 Feb 1804
 •  Tabkin Kwatto 1804
 •  First Succession Crisis 1832
 •  Battle of Gawakuke 1837
 •  Proclamation of the Protectorate of Northern Nigeria 1 Jan 1897
 •  Second Battle of Burmi 29 July 1903
Currency Dirham
Preceded by
Sultanate of Kano
Sultanate of Katsina
Sultanate of Gobir
Sultanate of Zaria
Empire of Kanembu
Sultanate of Damagaram
Empire of Oyo (Ilorin)
Jukun Kingdoms
Empire of Kebbi
Sultanate of Arugungu
Empire of Songhai (Dendi)
Sultanate of Agades
Taureg Oligarchy
Pashanate of Timbuktu
Sultanate of Maccinna
Today part of  Benin
 Burkina Faso
 Cameroon
 Central African Republic
 Chad
 Ghana
 Nigeria


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The Sokoto Caliphate was an independent Islamic Caliphate, in West Africa. Founded during the jihad of the Fulani War in 1809 by Usman dan Fodio, it was abolished when the British defeated the caliph in 1903 and put the area under the Northern Nigeria Protectorate.

Developed in the context of multiple, independent Hausa kingdoms, at its height the Caliphate linked over 30 different emirates and over 10 million people in the most powerful state in its region and one of the most significant empires in Africa in the nineteenth century. The caliphate was a loose confederation of emirates that recognized the suzerainty of the "commander of the faithful", the sultan or caliph. The caliphate brought decades of economic growth throughout the region. An estimated one to 2.5 million non-Muslim slaves were captured during jihad. However, slavery in the Caliphate was not the more common chattel slavery; slaves provided labor for plantations and were provided an opportunity to become Muslims.

Though the British abolished the political authority of the Caliph the title of Sultan was retained, and remains an important religious position for Muslims in the region to the current day. Usman dan Fodio's jihad provided the inspiration for a series of related jihads in other parts of the savanna and Sahel far beyond Nigeria's borders that led to the foundation of Islamic states in Senegal, Mali, Ivory Coast, Chad, Central African Republic, and Sudan.


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