Eastern Turkistan

East Turkestan
Dzungaria in red, the Tarim Basin in blue
Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	東突厥斯坦
Simplified Chinese	东突厥斯坦
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dōng Tūjuésītǎn Wade–Giles Tung1 T'u1-chüeh2-szu1-t'an3
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese	東土耳其斯坦
Simplified Chinese	东土耳其斯坦
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Dōng Tǔěrqísītǎn Wade–Giles Tung1 T'u3-erh3-ch'i2-szu1-t'an3
Uyghur name
Uyghur	شەرقىي تۈركىستان
Transcriptions Latin Yëziqi Sherqiy Türkistan Siril Yëziqi Шәрқий Түркистан

East Turkestan (Uyghur: شەرقىي تۈركىستان, Шәрқий Түркистан, Shərqiy Türkistan) also known as Eastern Turkistan, Uyghurstan, Uyghuristan is a political term with multiple meanings depending on context and usage. Historically, the term was invented by Russian Turkologists like Nikita Bichurin in the 19th century to replace the term Chinese Turkestan, which referred to the Tarim Basin in the southwestern part of Xinjiang province of the Qing dynasty. The medieval Persian toponym "Turkestan" and its derivatives were not used by the local population of the greater region, and China had its own name for an overlapping area since the Han Dynasty as Xiyu, with the parts controlled by China termed Xinjiang from the 18th century onward. The historical Uyghur name for the Tarim Basin is Altishahr, which means "six cities" in Uyghur.

Starting in the 20th century, Uyghur separatists and their supporters used East Turkestan (or "Uyghurstan") as an appellation for the whole of Xinjiang, or for a future independent state in present-day Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region (presumably with Ürümqi as its capital). They reject the name of Xinjiang because of an allegedly Chinese perspective reflected in the name and prefer East Turkestan to emphasize connection to other westerly Turkic groups. However, even in nationalist writing, East Turkestan retained its older, more narrow geographical meaning. In China, the term has negative connotations because of its origins in European colonialism and present use by militant groups. The government of China actively discourages its use.

Before conquest by the Dzungar Khanate in the Dzungar conquest of Altishahr, Eastern Turkestan was called Moghulistan ("land of Mongols"), and was ruled by descendants of Genghis Khan in the Yarkent Khanate (Chagatai Khanate). Uyghurs in Turfan request that the Qing dynasty free them from Dzungar rule. The Qing dynasty allied with Muslim ruler Emin Khoja, destroyed the Dzungar Khanate, which held dominion over Eastern Turkestan.