Dzungar conquest of Altishahr
| Dzungar conquest of Altishahr | |||||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
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Dzungar Khanate Afāqi Āfāqiyya Aq taghliq (White Mountain) Naqshbandi Sufi Khojas (Khwāja) Turfan Khanate Kumul Khanate |
Chagatai Khanate (Yarkent Khanate) Isḥāqi Isḥāqiyya Qara taghliq (Black Mountain) Naqshbandi Sufi Khojas (Khwāja) |
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
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Galdan Boshugtu Khan 5th Dalai Lama Afaq Khoja |
Yarkand Khan Ismā'il Khan (POW) Prince Bābak Sultān † |
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| Units involved | |||||||||
| 120,000 Dzungars Afaqi Turkic followers Turfan and Kumul Turkic soldiers |
Chagatai Turkic soldiers | ||||||||
The Dzungar conquest of Altishahr resulted in the Tibetan Buddhist Dzungar Khanate in Dzungaria conquering and subjugating the Genghisid-ruled Chagatai Khanate in Altishahr (the Tarim Basin). It put a final end to the independence of the Chagatai Khanate.
The Turkic Muslim sedentary people of the Tarim Basin were originally ruled by the Chagatai Khanate while the nomadic Oirat Dzungar Buddhists in Dzungaria ruled over the Dzungar Khanate.
The Dzungar Oirats led by Sengge attacked the Chagatai Khanate during the reign of Abdullah Khan.
The Naqshbandi Sufi Khojas, descendants of the Prophet Muhammad, had replaced the Chagatayid Khans as the ruling authority of the Tarim Basin in the early 17th century. There was a struggle between two factions of Khojas, the Afaqi (White Mountain) faction and the Ishaqi (Black Mountain) faction. The Ishaqi defeated the Afaqi, which resulted in the Afaqi Khoja inviting the 5th Dalai Lama, the leader of the Tibetan Buddhists, to intervene on his behalf in 1677. The 5th Dalai Lama then called upon his Dzungar Buddhist followers in the Dzungar Khanate to act on this invitation. The Dzungar Khanate then conquered the Tarim Basin in 1680, setting up the Afaqi Khoja as their puppet ruler.
Khoja Afaq asked the 5th Dalai Lama when he fled to Lhasa to help his Afaqi faction take control of the Tarim Basin (Kashgaria). The Dzungar leader Galdan was then asked by the Dalai Lama to restore Khoja Afaq as ruler of Kashgaria. Khoja Afaq collaborated with Galdan's Dzungars when the Dzungars conquered the Tarim Basin from 1678-1680 and set up the Afaqi Khojas as puppet client rulers. The 5th Dalai Lama blessed Galdan's conquest of the Tarim Basin and Turfan Basin. The 5th Dalai Lama received war spoils which were seized from the Muslims from the Dzungar Khan Galdan, the Muslims were called "heretics" by them.
The Qarataghlik (Black Mountains) propagated anti-Afaq Khoja literature. For his action of inviting Dzungar invasion and rule, Afaq Khoja is viewed as a perfidious betrayer collaborator by some Uyghur nationalists while he and his grave was still honored and revered as a saint by other Uyghurs.
"We now come to the rise of the Zungars or Kalmuks, a Mongol race which then dwelt in Hi and the surrounding districts. Under Khan Haldan Bokosha, one of the outstanding figures of the period, their power stretched northwards to Siberia and southwards to Kucha, Karashahr and Kunya-Turfan; but Haldan rebelled against the Chinese and was decisively beaten.
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Wikipedia