Czarist Russia
| Tsardom of Russia | ||||||||||
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Русcкое Царство Russkoye Tsarstvo |
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 Territory of Russia in 1500, 1600 and 1700.
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| Capital |
Moscow (1547–1712) Alexandrov Kremlin (1564–1581) Saint Petersburg (1712–1721) |
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| Languages | Russian | |||||||||
| Religion | Russian Orthodox | |||||||||
| Government | ||||||||||
| Tsar (Emperor) | ||||||||||
| • | 1547–1584 | Ivan IV (first) | ||||||||
| • | 1682–1721 | Peter I (last) | ||||||||
| Legislature | Zemsky Sobor | |||||||||
| History | ||||||||||
| • | Coronation of Ivan IV | 16 January 1547 | ||||||||
| • | Time of Troubles | 1598–1613 | ||||||||
| • | Russo-Polish War | 1654–1667 | ||||||||
| • | Great Northern War | 1700–1721 | ||||||||
| • | Treaty of Nystad | 10 September 1721 | ||||||||
| • | Empire proclaimed | 22 October 1721 | ||||||||
| Population | ||||||||||
| • | 1500 est. | 6,000,000 | ||||||||
| • | 1600 est. | 14,000,000 | ||||||||
| Currency | Russian ruble | |||||||||
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| Today part of |
 Russia Belarus Kazakhstan Ukraine
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The Tsardom of Russia (Русское царство,Russkoye tsarstvo or Российское царство, Rossisyskoye tsarstvo ), also known as the Tsardom of Muscovy, was the name of the centralized Russian state from assumption of the title of Tsar by Ivan IV in 1547 until the foundation of the Russian Empire by Peter the Great in 1721.
From 1551 to 1700, Russia grew 35,000 km2 (about the size of the Netherlands) per year. The period includes the upheavals of the transition from the Rurik to the Romanov dynasties, drawn-out military conflict with the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as well as the Russian conquest of Siberia, leading up to the 42-year reign of Peter the Great, who ascended in 1682 and transformed the Tsardom into a major European power. After a military victory over Sweden and Poland, he implemented substantial reforms and proclaimed the Russian Empire (Russian: Российская Империя, Rossiyskaya Imperiya) in 1721.
While the oldest endonyms of the Grand Duchy of Moscow used in its documents were Rus' (Russian: Русь) and the Russian land (Russian: Русская земля), a new form of its name, Rusia or Russia, appeared and became common in the 15th century. In the 1480s Russian state scribes Ivan Cherny and Mikhail Medovartsev mention Russia under the name Росиа, Medovartsev also mentions "the sceptre of Russian lordship (Росийскаго господства)". In the following century Russia co-existed with the old name Rus' and appeared in an inscription on the western portal of the Transfiguration Cathedral of the Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery in Yaroslavl (1515), on the icon case of the Theotokos of Vladimir (1514), in the work by Maximus the Greek, the Russian Chronograph written by Dosifei Toporkov (?–1543/44) in 1516–22 and in other sources.
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