Battle of Vittoria

Battle of Vitoria
Part of the Peninsular War
Monument to the Battle, Vitoria
Date 21 June 1813 Location Vitoria, Spain Result Decisive Allied victory
Belligerents
French Empire	United Kingdom Portugal Spain
Commanders and leaders
Joseph Bonaparte Jean-Baptiste Jourdan Honoré Gazan	Marquess of Wellington Thomas Graham Rowland Hill Lord Dalhousie
Strength
60,000 49,000 infantry 11,000 cavalry 151 guns	82,000 57,000 British 16,000 Portuguese 8,000 Spanish 96 guns
Casualties and losses
~8,000 dead, wounded or captured All 151 guns captured or destroyed. King Joseph's baggage train captured.	5,158 dead or wounded 3,675 British 921 Portuguese 562 Spanish

60,000

82,000

5,158 dead or wounded

At the Battle of Vitoria (21 June 1813) a British, Portuguese and Spanish army under General the Marquess of Wellington broke the French army under Joseph Bonaparte and Marshal Jean-Baptiste Jourdan near Vitoria in Spain, eventually leading to victory in the Peninsular War.

In July 1812, after the Battle of Salamanca, the French had evacuated Madrid, which Wellington's army entered on 12 August 1812. Deploying three divisions to guard its southern approaches, Wellington marched north with the rest of his army to lay siege to the fortress of Burgos, 140 miles (230 km) away, but he had underestimated the enemy's strength and on 21 October he had to abandon the Siege of Burgos and retreat. By 31 October he had abandoned Madrid too, and retreated first to Salamanca then to Ciudad Rodrigo, near the Portuguese frontier, to avoid encirclement by French armies from the north-east and south-east.

Wellington spent the winter reorganising and strengthening his forces. By contrast, Napoleon withdrew many soldiers to rebuild his main army after his disastrous invasion of Russia. By 20 May 1813 Wellington marched 121,000 troops (53,749 British, 39,608 Spanish and 27,569 Portuguese) from northern Portugal across the mountains of northern Spain and the Esla River to outflank Marshal Jourdan's army of 68,000, strung out between the Douro and the Tagus. The French retreated to Burgos, with Wellington's forces marching hard to cut them off from the road to France. Wellington himself commanded the small central force in a strategic feint, while Sir Thomas Graham conducted the bulk of the army around the French right flank over landscape considered impassable.

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