30-year War

Thirty Years' War

Part of European wars of religion

The Hanging by Jacques Callot.jpg

Les Grandes Misères de la guerre (The Great Miseries of War) by Jacques Callot, 1632

Date

23 May 1618 – 15 May 1648
(29 years, 11 months, 3 weeks, and 1 day)

Location

Europe, mainly present-day Germany

Result

Peace of Westphalia

Protestant princes allowed to continue religious practices
Decline of the Catholic Church mainly, although not exclusively, in northern Europe
Habsburg supremacy curtailed
Recognition of the independence of the Dutch Republic by Spanish Empire
Recognition of the Spanish sovereignty of Southern Netherlands and Luxembourg by Dutch Republic
Rise of France and the Bourbon dynasty
Rise of the Swedish Empire
Decline of feudalism in continental Europe
Further decentralization of the Holy Roman Empire
Franco-Spanish War until 1659
Devastation and major population loss in Imperial states

Belligerents

Anti-Habsburg states and allies:
Sweden (from 1630)
Dutch Republic
France (from 1635)
Denmark (1625–1629)
Bohemia (1618–1620)
The Palatinate (surrendered in 1623)
Saxony (until 1635)
Brandenburg-Prussia (until 1635)
Brunswick-Lüneburg
England (1625–30)
Scotland (1625–38)
Transylvania (from 1619)

Supported by:

Habsburg states and allies:
Holy Roman Empire

Spanish Empire
Hungary
Denmark (1643–45)

Supported by:

Commanders and leaders

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