2K22 Tunguska

2K22 Tunguska NATO reporting name: SA-19 Grison
9K22 "Tunguska-M" Gun/Missile Air Defence System.
Type	Tracked SPAAW system
Place of origin	Soviet Union Russia
Service history
In service	1982–present
Used by	Russia Soviet Union Belarus India Morocco Ukraine
Wars	2008 South Ossetia war
Production history
Designer	KBP Instrument Design Bureau
Designed	1970–1980
Manufacturer	Ulyanovsk Mechanical Factory
Unit cost	$16 million
Produced	1976–present
Variants	9K22 (Tunguska), 9K22M (Tunguska-M), 2K22M1 (Tunguska-M1)
Specifications (Tunguska-M1)
Weight	about 35,000 kg (77,000 lb)
Length	about 7.90 m (25 ft 11 in)
Width	about 3.25 m (10 ft 8 in)
Height	about 4 m (13 ft 1 in) or about 3.35 m (10 ft) (radar stowed)
Crew	4 (vehicle commander, driver, gunner, radar operator)
Armour	protects the vehicle from 7.62 mm small arms fire and shell splinters
Main armament	8 × 9M311, 9M311K, 9M311-1, 9M311M, 9M311-M1 or 57E6 missiles
Secondary armament	2 × 30 mm 2A38M guns (1,904 rounds carried)
Engine	V-46-6-MS centrifugal turbocharged V-12 direct fuel injection rotating at 2,000 rpm water cooled 4-stroke multi-fuel diesel starts at up to −5 °C functions at −40 to 50 °C with a relative humidity of 98 per cent by 20 °C and up to 3,000 m altitude 780 hp without input and output resistance 840 hp maximum
Transmission	hydromechanical
Suspension	Hydropneumatic
Ground clearance	17–57 cm
Operational range	500 km (310 mi)
Speed	65 km/h (40 mph) maximum on the road

The 2K22 Tunguska (Russian: 2К22 "Тунгуска"; English: Tunguska) is a Russian tracked self-propelled anti-aircraft weapon armed with a surface-to-air gun and missile system. It is designed to provide day and night protection for infantry and tank regiments against low-flying aircraft, helicopters, and cruise missiles in all weather conditions. Its NATO reporting name is SA-19 "Grison".

Development of the 2K22 anti-aircraft system began on 8 June 1970. At the request of the Soviet Ministry of Defence, the KBP Instrument Design Bureau in Tula, under the guidance of the appointed Chief Designer A. G. Shipunov, started work on a 30mm anti-aircraft system as a replacement for the 23mm ZSU-23-4.

The project, code-named "Tunguska", was undertaken to improve on the observed shortcomings of the ZSU-23-4 (short range and no early warning) and a counter to new ground attack aircraft in development, such as the A-10 Thunderbolt II, which was designed to be highly resistant to 23 mm cannons. Studies were conducted and demonstrated that a 30 mm cannon would require from a third to a half of the number of shells that the 23 mm cannon of the ZSU-23-4 would need to destroy a given target, and that firing at a MiG-17 (or similarly at, in case of war, NATO's Hawker Hunter or Fiat G.91) flying at 300 m/s, with an identical mass of 30 mm projectiles would result in a kill probability 1.5 times greater than with 23 mm projectiles. An increase in the maximum engagement altitude from 2,000 to 4,000 m and increased effectiveness when engaging lightly armoured ground targets were also cited.

The initial requirements set for the system were to achieve twice the performance in terms of range, altitude and combat effectiveness of the ZSU-23-4, additionally the system should have a reaction time no greater than 10 seconds. Due to the similarities in the fire control of artillery and missiles, it was decided that the Tunguska would be a combined gun and missile system. A combined system is more effective than the ZSU-23-4, engaging targets at long-range with missiles, and shorter range targets with guns.