Xu Xusheng

Xu Xusheng
Xu Xusheng photographed at Beijing University in 1920
Chinese	徐旭生
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xú Xùshēng Wade–Giles Hsü2 Hsü4-sheng1 IPA [ɕy̌ ɕŷʂə́ŋ]
Alternative Chinese name
Chinese	徐炳昶
Transcriptions Standard Mandarin Hanyu Pinyin Xú Bǐngchǎng Wade–Giles Hsü2 Ping3-ch'ang3 IPA [ɕy̌ pìŋʈʂʰàŋ]

Xu Xusheng, also known as Xu Bingchang, (1888 – January 4, 1976) was a Chinese archaeologist, historian, and explorer born in Tanghe, Henan Province. Best known for his discovery of the Erlitou culture in 1959, he was one of China's most important and respected archaeologists and historians of the twentieth century, providing a model of archaeological methodology for future Chinese archaeologists. He also was president of Beijing Normal University.

In 1921, Xu was appointed professor in the department of philosophy, Peking University, teaching History of Western Philosophy. In 1926, he served as provost of Peking University, and in the following year he led an expedition to northwest China to conduct archaeological investigations. In 1929, Xu Xusheng served as dean of National Peking University Women's Teachers College. He also was president of Beijing Normal University from February 1931 to May 1932. He traveled to Xi'an in 1933, where he established the Shaanxi Archaeological Society. From 1934 to 1937 he investigated the Early Neolithic culture in Shaanxi Province, discovered by his team of archaeologists who carried out excavations at the Doujitai site in the middle Yellow River Valley, where his approach was said to have served as a model for archaeological methodology. He became director of the Institute for Historical Studies in 1936.

Xu was instrumental in conducting the first modern study of China's early "myths" based on the reports of antiquaries findings by archaeologists. He also worked on the Historical Gazetteer of Beiping.

He was elected to the Chinese National Assembly in 1947. Xu Xusheng became a research fellow of the Institute of Archaeology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and surveyed Gaocheng in 1959. The Erlitou culture was discovered by him that year. He joined the Chinese Communist Party in 1957, and was elected to the Third National People's Congress in 1964. Persecuted during the Cultural Revolution, Xu died during January 1976.