Turkish invasion of Armenia (1920)

Turkish-Armenian war
Part of the Turkish War of Independence, Armenian Genocide, the Aftermath of World War I, and Armenian–Turkish Conflict
Armenian civilians fleeing Kars after its capture by Turkish forces.
Date 24 September – 18 November 1920 Location Transcaucasia Result Decisive Turkish victory Treaty of Alexandropol Treaty of Moscow Treaty of Kars
Belligerents
Turkey	Armenia
Commanders and leaders
Kâzım Karabekir Halit Karsıalan Rüştü Pasha Osman Nuri Koptagel Cavit Erdel Kâzım Orbay	Drastamat Kanayan Hamo Ohanjanyan Ruben Ter-Minasian Christophor Araratov
Strength
50,000 –60,000	20,000
Casualties and losses
60,000-98,000 or 198,000-250,000 Armenian civilians killed

Decisive Turkish victory

The Turkish-Armenian war, known in Turkey as the Eastern Operation or Eastern Front (Turkish: Doğu Cephesi) of the Turkish War of Independence, refers to a conflict in the autumn of 1920 between the First Republic of Armenia and the Turkish nationalists, following the signing of the Treaty of Sèvres. After an initial Armenian occupation of what is now eastern Turkey, the army of the Turkish National Movement under Kâzım Karabekir reversed the Armenian gains and further invaded and defeated Armenia, also recapturing territory which the Ottoman Empire had lost to the Russian Empire in 1855 and 1878.

The Turkish military victory was followed by Soviet Russia's occupation and sovietization of Armenia. The Treaty of Moscow (March 1921) between Soviet Russia and the Grand National Assembly of Turkey and the related Treaty of Kars (October 1921) confirmed the territorial gains made by Karabekir and established the modern Turkish–Armenian border.

Armenia's had territorial disputes with the Ottoman Empire. The Ottomans had tried to move the Armenians during the Armenian Genocide and occupied the South Caucasus during Summer 1918. Armenia resisted until the Allied forces won WWI. The Ottomans maintained their troops along their territorial gains until Spring 1919.

With the dissolution of the Russian Empire in the wake of the Feb 1917 revolution and of the Transcaucasian Federation in May 1918, the Armenians of the South Caucasus declared their independence and formally established the First Republic of Armenia. In its two years of existence, the tiny republic, with its capital in Yerevan, was beset with a number of debilitating problems, ranging from fierce territorial disputes with its neighbors and an appalling refugee crisis.

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