T-series (Toronto subway)

T-series
A T1 subway car at Kipling Station headed to Kennedy Station
The interior of a T1 subway car
In service	1995–present
Manufacturer	Bombardier Transportation
Built at	Thunder Bay, Ontario
Replaced	M1, H1, H2, H4
Constructed	1995–2001
Number built	372
Number in service	370
Number scrapped	2
Formation	2 car mated pairs (operated as 2 or 3 pair (4 or 6 car) trains)
Fleet numbers	5000–5371 (re-used from retired TTC vehicles, G-series, M1, H1 subway trains)
Capacity	66 seated (per car)
Operator(s)	Toronto Transit Commission
Depot(s)	Greenwood Subway Yard
Line(s) served	Bloor-Danforth
Specifications
Car body construction	Aluminum
Car length	23 m (75 ft 5 1⁄2 in)
Width	3.14 m (10 ft 3 5⁄8 in)
Height	3.65 m (11 ft 11 3⁄4 in)
Floor height	1.1 m (43.3 in)
Doors	8 sets (4 sets per side) per car
Maximum speed	88 km/h (55 mph) Train Max 75 km/h (47 mph) Service Revenue Max
Weight	33,095 kg (72,962 lb)
Traction motors	ADTranz 1507A AC
Power output	104.2 kW (139.735 hp) per motor 2,500.8 kW (3,353.628 hp) per 6-car train
Acceleration	0.85 m/s2 (2.8 ft/s2)
Deceleration	1.30 m/s2 (4.3 ft/s2), 1.38 m/s2 (4.5 ft/s2) (Emergency)
Auxiliaries	120/208 V AC Battery Auxiliary
Electric system(s)	600 V DC Third rail
Current collection method	Contact shoe
Braking system(s)	Regenerative and Pneumatic
Track gauge	4 ft 10 7⁄8 in (1,495 mm)

The T-series, also known as the T1, is the fourth series of rapid transit used in the subway system of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. They were ordered by the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) in 1992 and built in one production set between 1995 and 2001 by Bombardier Transportation in Thunder Bay, Ontario, Canada.

Currently based entirely out of Greenwood Subway Yard, the T1s are the older of the two currently active series of rolling stock on the heavy-rail lines in the Toronto subway network. Following the introduction of the newer Toronto Rocket trainsets, all T1 trains now operate exclusively in six-car configurations on Line 2 Bloor-Danforth. They previously operated on Line 1 Yonge-University and in a four-car configuration on Line 4 Sheppard until the retirement of the last remaining H-series trains in 2014 and until the implementation of One Person Train Operation on the latter in 2016.

The T1 cars entered service between 1996 and 2001 and became the mainstay of the TTC subway fleet. By 1999, they had replaced the older M1s, H1s, H2s and prototype H3s, along with some H4s, many of which had been in revenue service since the 1960s.

The T1s had many of the same technical specifications of the H-series, including the same married pair configuration, and incorporated many of the design elements that had been refined throughout the H-series program. Each model in the H-series production run improved on the last, adding features such as a single-handle controller for acceleration and braking, air conditioning, a change from camshaft to chopper control, and regenerative braking. The T1 built on those advances (such as changing from a rotary-type to a fore-aft, joystick-type controller) while integrating new computer technology (analogous to the New Technology Train of the New York City Subway), creating a more modern train. The T-series were the first TTC cars to use AC propulsion, rather than DC propulsion as used in all previous rolling stock, all of which are now retired.