Spinoza
| Baruch Spinoza | |
|---|---|
 |
|
| Born |
24 November 1632 Amsterdam, Dutch Republic |
| Died | 21 February 1677 (aged 44) The Hague, Dutch Republic |
| Residence | Netherlands |
| Education |
Talmud Torah of Amsterdam (withdrew) |
| Alma mater |
University of Leiden (no degree) |
| Era | 17th-century philosophy |
| Region | Western philosophy |
| School | Rationalism, founder of Spinozism |
|
Main interests
|
Ethics, epistemology, metaphysics, Hebrew grammar |
|
Notable ideas
|
Pantheism, determinism, neutral monism, parallelism, intellectual and religious freedom, separation of church and state, criticism of Mosaic authorship of some books of the Hebrew Bible, political society as derived from power (not contract), affect, natura naturans/natura naturata |
Baruch Spinoza (/bəˈruːk spɪˈnoʊzə/;Dutch: [baːˈrux spɪˈnoːzaː]; born Benedito de Espinosa, Portuguese: [bɨnɨˈðitu ðɨ ʃpiˈnɔzɐ]; 24 November 1632 – 21 February 1677, later Benedict de Spinoza) was a Dutch philosopher of Sephardi/Portuguese origin. By laying the groundwork for the 18th-century Enlightenment and modern biblical criticism, including modern conceptions of the self and the universe, he came to be considered one of the great rationalists of 17th-century philosophy.
Spinoza's magnum opus, Ethics, was published posthumously in 1677. The work opposed René Descartes' philosophy on mind–body dualism, and earned Spinoza recognition as one of Western philosophy's most important thinkers. In the Ethics, "Spinoza wrote the last indisputable Latin masterpiece, and one in which the refined conceptions of medieval philosophy are finally turned against themselves and destroyed entirely."Hegel said, "You are either a Spinozist or not a philosopher at all." His philosophical accomplishments and moral character prompted 20th-century philosopher Gilles Deleuze to name him "the 'prince' of philosophers".
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