Second Italo-Senussi War

Pacification of Libya
Part of Interwar Period
Senussi rebel leader Omar Mukhtar (the man in robes with a chain on his left arm) after his arrest by Italian armed forces in 1931. Mukhtar was executed in a public hanging shortly afterward.
Date 1923–1932 Location Libya Result Italian victory Defeat of the Cyrenaican and Tripolitanian rebels Stabilization of Italian rule in Libya Ethnic cleansing of the Cyrenaican indigenous population. Mass deaths of Cyrenaican indigenous civilians. Execution of Senussi Cyrenaican rebel leader Omar Mukhtar.
Belligerents
Italy	Senussi Order
Commanders and leaders
Rodolfo Graziani Pietro Badoglio	Omar Mukhtar
Casualties and losses
	Over 80,000 Cyrenaicans killed

Italian victory

The Pacification of Libya or Second Italo-Senussi War, was a prolonged conflict in Italian Libya between Italian military forces and indigenous rebels associated with the Senussi Order that lasted from 1923 until 1932, when the principal Senussi leader, Omar Mukhtar, was captured and executed.

The pacification resulted in mass deaths of the indigenous people in Cyrenaica - one quarter of Cyrenaica's population of 225,000 people died during the conflict. Italy committed major war crimes during the conflict; including the use of chemical weapons, episodes of refusing to take prisoners of war and instead executing surrendering combatants, and mass executions of civilians. Italian authorities committed ethnic cleansing by forcibly expelling 100,000 Bedouin Cyrenaicans, half the population of Cyrenaica, from their settlements that were slated to be given to Italian settlers.

In 2008, an agreement of compensation for damages caused by Italian colonial rule was signed between Italy and Libya. Muammar Gaddafi, Libyan ruler at the time, attended the signing ceremony of the document wearing a historical photograph on his uniform that shows Cyrenaican rebel leader Omar Mukhtar in chains after being captured by Italian authorities during the Pacification. At the signing ceremony of the document, Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi declared: "In this historic document, Italy apologizes for its killing, destruction and repression of the Libyan people during the period of colonial rule." and went on to say that this was a "complete and moral acknowledgement of the damage inflicted on Libya by Italy during the colonial era."

After Italy had conquered Libya from the Ottoman Empire during the Italo-Turkish War in 1912, the new colony shortly broke out into revolt, with Italian authorities losing control over large regions of the colony. Italy had been in near-constant conflict with the Senussis since Italy seized control of Libya from the Ottoman Empire. Conflict between Italy and the Senussis erupted into major violence during World War I when the Senussis in Libya collaborated with the Ottoman Empire against Italy and raided into Egypt to attack British forces, to assist Turkish forces attacking the British from the Levant. Warfare between the British and the Senussis continued until 1917 when the Senussis made peace with the British.

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