Rodolfo Graziani
| Rodolfo Graziani | |
|---|---|
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| Minister of National Defence of the Italian Social Republic |
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In office September 23, 1943 – April 25, 1945 |
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| President | Benito Mussolini |
| Preceded by | Office created |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished |
| Viceroy of Italian East Africa | |
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In office June 11, 1936 – December 21, 1937 |
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| Monarch | Victor Emmanuel III |
| Prime Minister | Benito Mussolini |
| Preceded by | Pietro Badoglio |
| Succeeded by | Amedeo, Duke of Aosta |
| Governor-General of Italian Libya | |
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In office July 1, 1940 – March 25, 1941 |
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| Preceded by | Italo Balbo |
| Succeeded by | Italo Gariboldi |
| Governor of Italian Somaliland | |
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In office March 6, 1935 – May 9, 1936 |
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| Preceded by | Maurizio Rava |
| Succeeded by | Angelo De Ruben |
| Vice-Governor of Italian Cyrenaica | |
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In office March 17, 1930 – May 31, 1934 |
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| Preceded by | Domenico Siciliani |
| Succeeded by | Office abolished |
| Personal details | |
| Born |
August 11, 1882 Filettino, Italy |
| Died | January 11, 1955 (aged 72) Rome, Italy |
| Resting place | Affile, Lazio, Italy |
| Political party |
National Fascist Party (1924–1943) Republican Fascist Party (1943–1945) Italian Social Movement (1946–1955) |
| Spouse(s) | Ines Chionetti (m. 1913–55); his death |
| Children | A daughter |
| Alma mater | Military Academy of Modena |
| Profession | Military officer |
| Religion | Catholic Church |
| Military service | |
| Allegiance |
 Kingdom of Italy (1903–1943) Italian Social Republic (1943–1945) |
| Service/branch |
 Royal Italian Army (1903–1943) National Republican Army (1943–1945) |
| Years of service | 1903–1945 |
| Rank | Marshal of Italy |
| Unit | Italian 10th Army |
| Battles/wars |
Italo-Turkish War |
Italo-Turkish War
World War I
Pacification of Libya
Second Italo-Abyssinian War
World War II
Marshal Rodolfo Graziani, 1st Marquis of Neghelli (Italian pronunciation: [roˈdɔlfo ɡratˈtsjaːni]; August 11, 1882 – January 11, 1955), was a prominent Italian military officer in the Kingdom of Italy's Regio Esercito (Royal Army), primarily noted for his campaigns in Africa before and during World War II. A dedicated fascist, he was a key figure in the Italian military during the reign of Victor Emmanuel III.
Graziani played an important role in the consolidation and expansion of Italy's empire during the 1920s and 1930s, first in Libya and then in Ethiopia. He became infamous among the other colonial powers for repressive measures that led to high loss of life among civilians. In February 1937, after an assassination attempt during a ceremony in Addis Ababa, Graziani authorized a period of brutal retribution now known as Yekatit 12. Shortly after Italy entered World War II he returned to Libya as the commander of troops in Italian North Africa but resigned after the 1940-41 British offensive routed his forces. Following the 25 Luglio coup in 1943, he was the only Marshal of Italy who remained loyal to Mussolini and was named the Minister of Defense of the Italian Social Republic, commanding its army and returning to active service against the Allies for the rest of the war.
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