Second Battle of Tamao (1522)

Battle of Xicaowan
Date 1522 Location Sai Tso Wan on Lantau Island Result Ming victory, 4 out of 6 Portuguese ships managed to escape with losses
Belligerents
Ming dynasty	Kingdom of Portugal
Commanders and leaders
Wang Hong (汪鈜), Zhang Ding (張嵿), Ke Rong (柯榮), Wang Ying'en (王應恩)	Martim Afonso de Mello
Strength
Squadron of Junks and oar ships	2 heavy carracks 2 small carracks 2 junks 300 men
Casualties and losses
Unknown	1 ship destroyed, 1 ship captured by Ming, 42 men captured (Some were executed on the spot)

The Battle of Xicaowan (traditional Chinese: 西草灣之戰; simplified Chinese: 西草湾之战; pinyin: Xicǎo Wān zhī Zhàn), also known as Battle of Veniaga Island (Portuguese:Batalha da Ilha da Veniaga) was a naval battle between the Ming dynasty coast guard and a Portuguese fleet led by Martim Afonso de Mello that occurred in 1522. The Ming court threatened to expel Portuguese traders from China after receiving news that the Malacca Sultanate, a Ming tributary, had been invaded by the Portuguese. In addition, Portuguese pirates had been conducting slave raids on the Chinese coast, kidnapping children to sell in Portuguese Malacca, which received widespread condemnation by the common people and the court. Portuguese traders were executed in China and the Portuguese embassy was arrested, with their freedom promised on the condition that the Portuguese released and returned Malacca to its sultan. Martim Afonso de Mello arrived at the Pearl River but was blockaded by a Ming fleet. After two weeks without being able to gain a foothold in China they decided to run the blockade and managed to escape with the loss of two ships and several dozen men. The battle was fought off the northwestern coast of Lantau Island, Hong Kong at a location called Sai Tso Wan today.

Because King Manuel I of Portugal wished to establish diplomatic and commercial relations with China, in the final year of his reign, the new governor of Portuguese India Dom Duarte de Menezes was dispatched together with captain-major Martim Afonso de Mello, tasked to construct a feitoria (trade post) close to Guangzhou. Martim Afonso de Mello arrived in Malacca in July 1522 where he came across skepticism towards his mission from the local Portuguese, who had been trading in China for several years, and informed him of the tensions between the Chinese and Portuguese.

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