Sankhara
| Translations of saṅkhāra |
|
|---|---|
| English | formations volitional formations volitional activities |
| Pali | सङ्खार (saṅkhāra) |
| Sanskrit | संस्कार (saṃskāra) |
| Burmese |
သင်္ခါရ (IPA: [θɪ̀ɴkʰàja̰]) |
| Chinese |
行 (Pinyin: xíng) |
| Japanese |
行 (rōmaji: gyō) |
| Korean |
행 (RR: haeng) |
| Sinhala |
සංස්කාර (saṃskāra) |
| Tibetan |
འདུ་བྱེད་ ('du.byed) |
| Thai | สังขาร |
| Vietnamese | 行 (hành) |
| Glossary of Buddhism | |
Saṅkhāra (Pali; Sanskrit saṃskāra) is a term figuring prominently in Buddhism. The word means 'that which has been put together' and 'that which puts together'.
In the first (passive) sense, saṅkhāra refers to conditioned phenomena generally but specifically to all mental "dispositions". These are called 'volitional formations' both because they are formed as a result of volition and because they are causes for the arising of future volitional actions. English translations for saṅkhāra in the first sense of the word include 'conditioned things,' 'determinations,' 'fabrications' and 'formations' (or, particularly when referring to mental processes, 'volitional formations').
In the second (active) sense of the word, saṅkhāra refers to karma (sankhara-khandha) that leads to conditioned arising, dependent origination.
Saṅkhāra is a Pali word, that is based on the Sanskrit word saṃskāra. The latter word is not a Vedic Sanskrit term, but found extensively in classical and epic era Sanskrit in all Indian philosophies.Saṃskāra is found in the Hindu Upanishads such as in verse 2.6 of Kaushitaki Upanishad, 4.16.2–4 of Chandogya Upanishad, 6.3.1 of Brihadaranyaka Upanishad as well as mentioned by the ancient Indian scholar Panini and many others.Saṅkhāra appears in the Buddhist Pitaka texts with a variety of meanings and contexts, somewhat different than the Upanishadic texts, particularly for anything to predicate impermanence.
It is a complex concept, with no single-word English translation, that fuses "object and subject" as interdependent parts of each human's consciousness and epistemological process. It connotes "impression, disposition, conditioning, forming, perfecting in one's mind, influencing one's sensory and conceptual faculty" as well as any "preparation, sacrament" that "impresses, disposes, influences or conditions" how one thinks, conceives or feels.
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