Salīhids

The Salīḥids, also known simply as Salīḥ or by their royal house, the Zokomids (transliterated from Greek to Arabic as Ḍajaʿima) were the dominant Arab foederati of the Eastern Roman or Byzantine Empire in the 5th century CE. They succeeded the Tanukhids, who were dominant in the 4th century, and were in turn defeated and replaced by the Ghassanids in the early 6th century. The Salihids were originally concentrated in the Wadi Sirhan and Balqa regions, but spread as far as northern Syria after entering the service of the Byzantine Empire. They were ardent Christians, and at least one of their phylarchs and kings, Dawud, built a monastery. The Salihids were charged with collecting tax from Bedouin tribesmen seeking to dwell in the Limes Arabicus and protecting the Byzantine frontier from Bedouin raiders from the Arabian Peninsula and the Syrian Desert.

The Salihid period is far more obscure than the preceding Tanukhid period (4th century) and the later Ghassanid period (6th century) due to a scarcity of available sources. The sole Greek source that mentioned the tribe, namely its royal Zokomid household, was Sozomen (d. ca. 450 CE); the latter has been described as "valuable for writing the history of the Arab foederati in both the fourth and fifth centuries", according to modern historian Irfan Shahid. Arabic sources describing the Salihids are likewise scant, with the exception of the medieval Arab historian Hisham ibn al-Kalbi (d. 819), who documented the tribe's genealogy and some of its history in Jamharat al-Nasab. Unlike his documentation of other Arab tribes, Hisham did not receive his information directly from Salihid tribesmen, because few if any remained in his lifetime; instead, most of his information came from tribes who had interacted with the Salihids, namely the Ghassanids, the Kalbids and the Kindites. When taken together with another Greek source, the 6th-century Theophanes of Byzantium, who mentions the rise of the Ghassanids, Hisham's account is given further credence.

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