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Russo-Turkish War, 1877–78

Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)
Part of Great Eastern Crisis (1875–78)
The defeat of Shipka Peak, Bulgarian War of Independence.JPG
The Battle of Shipka Pass in August 1877
Date 24 April 1877 – 3 March 1878 (10 months, 1 week, 2 days)
Location Balkans, Caucasus
Result Victory of the Russian-led coalition
Treaty of San Stefano, Treaty of Berlin
Territorial
changes
Reestablishment of the Bulgarian state; de jure independence of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro from the Ottoman Empire; Kars and Batumi Oblasts become part of the Russian Empire
Belligerents
 Russian Empire
Romania Romania
Bulgaria Bulgaria
 Montenegro
Serbia Serbia
 Ottoman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Russian Empire Alexander II
Romania Carol I of Romania
Russian Empire Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich
Russian Empire Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich
Russian Empire Mikhail Loris-Melikov
Russian Empire Mikhail Skobelev
Russian Empire Joseph Gourko
Russian Empire Ivan Lazarev
Bulgaria Alexander of Battenberg
Principality of Montenegro Prince Nikola
Serbia Kosta Protić
Ottoman Empire Abdul Hamid II
Ottoman Empire Ahmed Pasha
Ottoman Empire Osman Pasha
Ottoman Empire Suleiman Pasha
Ottoman Empire Mehmed Pasha
Ottoman Empire Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha
Ottoman Empire Ahmed Eyüb Pasha
Ottoman Empire Mehmed Riza Pasha
Strength

Russian Empire – 185,000 in the Army of the Danube, 75,000 in the Caucasian Army
Romania – 66,000
Bulgaria – 12,000
Montenegro – 45,000
190 cannons

Serbia – 81,500
Ottoman Empire – 281,000
Casualties and losses

Russian Empire – 15,567 killed,
56,652 wounded,
6,824 died from wounds
Romania — 4,302 killed and missing,
3,316 wounded,
19,904 sick

Bulgaria – 2,456 dead and wounded

Serbia and Montenegro – 2,400 dead and wounded
30,000 killed,
90,000 died from wounds and diseases

Russian Empire – 185,000 in the Army of the Danube, 75,000 in the Caucasian Army
Romania – 66,000
Bulgaria – 12,000
Montenegro – 45,000
190 cannons

Russian Empire – 15,567 killed,
56,652 wounded,
6,824 died from wounds
Romania — 4,302 killed and missing,
3,316 wounded,
19,904 sick

Bulgaria – 2,456 dead and wounded

The Russo-Turkish War of 1877–78 (Turkish: 93 Harbi ('93 War), Russian: Русско-турецкая война, Russko-Turetskaya voyna) was a conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Orthodox coalition led by the Russian Empire and composed of Bulgaria, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro. Fought in the Balkans and in the Caucasus, it originated in emerging 19th-century Balkan nationalism. Additional factors included Russian hopes of recovering territorial losses suffered during the Crimean War, re-establishing itself in the Black Sea and supporting the political movement attempting to free Balkan nations from the Ottoman Empire.

The Russian-led coalition won the war. As a result, Russia succeeded in claiming several provinces in the Caucasus, namely Kars and Batumi, and also annexed the Budjak region. The principalities of Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro, each of whom had had de facto sovereignty for some time, formally proclaimed independence from the Ottoman Empire. After almost five centuries of Ottoman domination (1396–1878), the Bulgarian state was re-established as the Principality of Bulgaria, covering the land between the Danube River and the Balkan Mountains (except Northern Dobrudja which was given to Romania), as well as the region of Sofia, which became the new state's capital. The Congress of Berlin in 1878 also allowed Austria-Hungary to occupy Bosnia and Herzegovina and Great Britain to take over Cyprus.


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