Rio Negro campinarana
| Rio Negro campinarana | |
|---|---|
| Ecology | |
| Realm | Neotropical |
| Biome | Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests – Amazon |
| Geography | |
| Area | 80,807.62 km2 (31,200.00 sq mi) |
| Countries | Colombia, Brazil, Venezuela |
| Coordinates | 0°30′43″N 63°19′52″W / 0.512°N 63.331°WCoordinates: 0°30′43″N 63°19′52″W / 0.512°N 63.331°W |
Campinarana (NT0158), also called Rio Negro Campinarana or Amazon caatinga, is a neotropical ecoregion in the Amazon biome of the north west of Brazil and the east of Colombia that contains vegetation adapted to extremely poor soil. It includes savannah, scrub and forest, and contains many endemic species of fauna and flora.
Areas of campinarana, which may cover several thousand square kilometres, are found in the transitional region from the Guyana Shield to the Amazon basin. Large stretches of Campinarana are contained within the Japurá-Solimões-Negro moist forests, Negro-Branco moist forests, Guianan piedmont and lowland moist forests, Uatuma-Trombetas moist forests and Guianan savanna. The campinarana ecoregion totals about 31,200 square miles (81,000 km2).
Campinarana is mainly found in flat flooded areas in the Rio Negro and Rio Branco basins in the border region between Colombia, Venezuela and Bazil, but patches are found throughout the Amazon region. Areas of white-sand soils and their characteristic campinarana vegetation are found in the Serra do Cachimbo on the Pará–Mato Grosso boundary, the Parecis plateau in Rondônia, the Atlantic coast near the mouth of the Amazon, and in Maranhão. Similar vegetation is found in northern Peru, eastern Colombia and south western Venezuela.
Temperatures in the region average 24 °C (75 °F) and average rainfall is 2,500 to 3,000 millimetres (98 to 118 in).
Tropical soils are generally infertile, and white sand soils are among the most infertile of such soils, primarily composed of quartz sand. The white sands are found on arenaceous sediments on the low terra firme uplands, on natural levees in a flooded Várzea forest, on restinga sand dunes in a coastal lowland, on Cretaceous sandstone plateaus and on hill areas of granitic rocks. The soil type determines the ecosystem more than temperature or rainfall. Factors affecting the vegetation are poor drainage, extremely sandy soil, intense leaching and impermeable layers below the surface. Campinarana is typically found on leached white sands around circular swampy depressions in lowland tropical moist forest. The soil is low in nutrients, with highly acidic humus.
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Wikipedia