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Old Livonia

Terra Mariana
1207–1561


Coat of arms

Capital Riga
Languages Latin (official/liturgical)
Low German
Estonian
Latvian
Livonian
Religion Roman Catholicism
Government Not specified
Legislature Landtag
Historical era Middle Ages
 •  Established 1207
 •  St. George's Night Uprising 1343–1344
 •  Landtag formed 1419
 •  Confederation Agreement 4 December 1435
 •  Treaty of Vilnius 1561
Succeeded by
Danish Estonia
Swedish Estonia
Duchy of Courland and Semigallia Księstwo Kurlandii i Semigalii COA.svg
Duchy of Livonia POL Inflanty IRP COA.svg
Today part of  Estonia
 Latvia


Coat of arms

Terra Mariana (Medieval Latin for 'Land of Mary') was the official name for Medieval Livonia or Old Livonia (German: Alt-Livland, Estonian: Vana-Liivimaa, Latvian: Livonija), which was formed in the aftermath of the Livonian Crusade in the territories comprising present day Estonia and Latvia. It was established on 2 February 1207, as a principality of the Holy Roman Empire but lost this status in 1215 when proclaimed by Pope Innocent III as directly subject to the Holy See.

Terra Mariana was divided into feudal principalities by Papal Legate William of Modena:

After the 1236 Battle of Saule the surviving members of the Brothers merged in 1237 with the Teutonic Order of Prussia and became known as the Livonian Order. In 1346 the Order bought Danish Estonia. Throughout the existence of medieval Livonia there was a constant struggle over supremacy, between the lands ruled by the Church, the Order, the secular German nobility and the citizens of the Hanseatic towns of Riga and Reval. Following its defeat in the Battle of Grunwald in 1410 the Teutonic Order and the Ordenstaat fell into decline but the Livonian Order managed to maintain its independent existence. In 1561, during the Livonian war, Terra Mariana ceased to exist. Its northern parts were ceded to the Swedish Empire and formed into the Duchy of Estonia, its southern territories became part of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania — and thus eventually of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth — as the Duchy of Livonia and the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia. The island of Saaremaa became part of Denmark.


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