Occupation of Mongolia
| Occupation of Outer Mongolia | ||||||||||
| Military occupation by the Republic of China | ||||||||||
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| Capital | Niislel Khüree (now Ulaanbaatar) | |||||||||
| Languages | Mongolian | |||||||||
| Religion | Tibetan Buddhism | |||||||||
| Government | The Chinese hierarchya | |||||||||
| History | ||||||||||
| • | Chinese troops occupy Urga | October 1919 | ||||||||
| • | Chinese troops defeatedb | 1921 | ||||||||
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| a. | Subsequently under Baron Ungern. | |||||||||
| b. | By White Russian forces under Baron Ungern and, subsequently, by Mongolian People's Party and Russian Red Army forces. | |||||||||
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The Occupation of Outer Mongolia by the Beiyang government of the Republic of China began in October 1919 and lasted until early 1921, when Chinese troops in Urga were routed by Baron Ungern's White Russian (Buryats, Russians etc.) and Mongolian forces. These, in turn, were defeated by the Red Army and its Mongolian allies by June 1921.
Although the Beiyang Government abolished the autonomy of the Bogd Khaanate of Mongolia and subsequently expanded its occupation to include Tuva, it was not able to secure its claim over Outer Mongolia and Tuva.
In December 1911, Outer Mongolia took advantage of the Xinhai Revolution to declare independence from the Qing dynasty. The political system of new Mongolia was an absolute theocratic monarchy led by Bogd Khan. However, the newly founded Republic of China considered Mongolia as part of its territory. In the 1915 tripartite Kyakhta Agreement, Russia (which had strategic interests in Mongolian independence but did not want to completely alienate China), the Republic of China and Mongolia agreed that Mongolia was autonomous under Chinese suzerainty. However, in the following years Russian influence in Asia waned due to the First World War and, later, the October Revolution. From 1918 on, Mongolia was threatened by the Russian Civil War, and in summer 1918 asked for Chinese military assistance, which led to the deployment of a small force to Urga. Grigory Semyonov led the Buryats and Inner Mongols in spearheading a plan to create a pan-Mongol state. Meanwhile, some Mongolian aristocrats had become more and more dissatisfied with their marginalization at the hands of the theocratic Lamaist government, and, also provoked by the threat of the Outer Mongolia's independence from the pan-Mongolist movement of Grigory Semyonov in Siberia, by 1919 were ready to accept Chinese rule. According to an Associated Press dispatch, some Mongol chieftains signed a petition asking China to retake administration of Mongolia and end Outer Mongolia's autonomy. Since they opposed the Bogd Khan and his clerics, Mongol nobles agreed to abolishing Mongol autonomy and reuniting with China under an agreement with 63 stipulations signed with Cheng Yi in August–September 1919. The Buryat and Inner Mongol led pan-Mongolist initiative of Grigory Semyonov was rejected by the Khalkha Mongol nobles of Urga, so the Khalkha nobles instead assured the Chinese under Cheng Yi that they were against it. The prospect of ending Mongol autonomy and splitting up Niialel Khuree, Altanbulag, Uliyasutai, and Khovd to Chinese soldiers was permitted by the Mongol government in response to the Japanese backed Buryatia pan-Mongol movement.
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