Mongolia (1911–24)
| Mongolia | ||||||||||||||
| Монгол улс 大蒙古國 |
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Anthem Зуун лангийн жороо луус Zún langín joró lús |
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| Capital | Niislel Khüree (modern Ulaanbaatar) | |||||||||||||
| Languages | Mongolian | |||||||||||||
| Religion | Tibetan Buddhism, Shamanism | |||||||||||||
| Government | Theocracy,absolute monarchy | |||||||||||||
| Bogd Khaan | ||||||||||||||
| • | 1911–1924 | The 8th Bogd Gegeen | ||||||||||||
| Prime Minister | ||||||||||||||
| • | 1912–1915 | Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren | ||||||||||||
| • | 1919–1920 | Gonchigjalzangiin Badamdorj | ||||||||||||
| Historical era | 20th century | |||||||||||||
| • | Established | 29 December 1911 | ||||||||||||
| • | Occupation of Mongolia | 1919-1921 | ||||||||||||
| • | Disestablished | 26 November 1924 | ||||||||||||
| Currency | Mongolian Tugrik | |||||||||||||
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The Bogd Khaanate of Mongolia was a state that ruled Mongolia (Outer Mongolia) between 1911 and 1919, and again from 1921 to 1924. By the spring of 1911, some prominent Mongolian nobles including Prince Tögs-Ochiryn Namnansüren persuaded the Jebstundamba Khutukhtu to convene a meeting of nobles and ecclesiastical officials to discuss independence from the Manchu-led Qing China. On 30 November 1911 the Mongols established the Temporary Government of Khalkha. On December 29, 1911 the Mongols declared their independence from the collapsing Qing Empire following the Xinhai Revolution. They installed as theocratic sovereign the 8th Bogd Gegeen, highest authority of Tibetan Buddhism in Mongolia, who took the title Bogd Khaan or "Holy Ruler". The Bogd Khaan was last khagan of Mongolia. This ushered in the period of "Theocratic Mongolia", also known as the Bogd Khaanate.
Three historical currents were at work during this period. The first was the efforts of the Mongolians to form an independent, theocratic state that embraced Inner Mongolia, Barga (also known as Hulunbuir), Upper Mongolia, Western Mongolia and Tannu Uriankhai ("pan-Mongolia"). The second was the Russian Empire's determination to achieve the twin goals of establishing its own preeminence in the country but, at the same time ensuring Mongolia's autonomy within the newly independent Chinese state. The third was the ultimate success of China in eliminating Mongolian autonomy, and creating its sovereignty over the country.
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