Nyingma
| Nyingma | |||||||||||
| Tibetan name | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tibetan | རྙིང་མ་ | ||||||||||
|
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| Chinese name | |||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 紅教 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 红教 | ||||||||||
|
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| Transcriptions | |
|---|---|
| Wylie | rnying ma |
| THDL | Nyingma |
| Lhasa IPA | [ɲiŋma] |
| Transcriptions | |
|---|---|
| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Hóngjiào |
| Wade–Giles | |
| Jyutping | |
The Nyingma tradition is the oldest of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism (the other three being the Kagyu, Sakya and Gelug). "Nyingma" literally means "ancient," and is often referred to as Ngangyur (IPA: [ŋaɲɟuː], Tibetan: སྔ་འགྱུར་རྙིང་མ།, Wylie: snga 'gyur rnying ma, "school of the ancient translations" or "old school") because it is founded on the first translations of Buddhist scriptures from Sanskrit into Old Tibetan in the eighth century. The Tibetan alphabet and grammar was created for this endeavour.
In modern times, the Nyingma lineage has been centered in Kham.
The Nyingmapa, a Red Hat sect of Tibetan Buddhism, incorporate local religious practices and local deities and elements of shamanism, which is shared with Bon. The group particularly believes in hidden terma treasures. Traditionally, Nyingmapa practice was advanced orally among a loose network of lay practitioners. Monasteries with celibate monks and nuns, along with the practice of reincarnated spiritual leaders are later adaptations.
The Nyingma tradition actually comprises several distinct lineages that all trace their origins to the Indian master Padmasambhava, who is lauded in the popular canon as the founder of Tibetan Buddhism in the eighth century, and is still propitiated in the discipline of reciprocity that is guru yoga sādhanā, the staple of the traditions.
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