Mohammed ibn Alhamar

Muhammad ibn Yusuf ibn Nasr, (1195-1273), also known as Muḥammad ibn al-Aḥmar (Arabic: محمد ابن الأحمر‎‎) was the first ruler of the Emirate of Granada, the last independent Muslim state on the Iberian Peninsula, and the founder of its ruling Nasrid dynasty. He lived during a time when Iberia's Christian kingdoms—especially Portugal, Castile and Aragon—were expanding at the expense of the Islamic territory in Iberia called Al-Andalus. Muhammad I took power in his native Arjona in 1232 when he rebelled against the leader of Al-Andalus, Ibn Hud. During this rebellion, Muhammad I was only able to take control of Córdoba and Seville briefly, before he lost both cities to Ibn Hud. Forced to acknowledge Ibn Hud's suzerainty, Muhammad I was able to retain Arjona and Jaén. In 1236, he betrayed Ibn Hud by helping Ferdinand III of Castile take Córdoba. In the years that followed, Muhammad I was able to gain control over the southern cities, including Granada (1237), Almería (1238) and Malaga (1239). The emirate that Muhammad I established during the period was to be Spain's last Muslim state. In 1244, he lost Arjona to Castile. Two years later, in 1246, he agreed to surrender Jaén and accept Ferdinand's overlordship in exchange for a twenty-year peace.

In the 18 years that followed Muhammad I consolidated his domain by maintaining relatively peaceful relations with the Crown of Castile; in 1248 he even helped the Christian kingdom take Seville from the Muslims. In 1264, however, he turned against Castile and assisted the unsuccessful rebellion of Castile's newly conquered Muslim subjects. In 1266 his allies in Málaga, the Banu Ashqilula, rebelled against the Emirate. When his former allies sought assistance from Alfonso X of Castile, Muhammad I was able to convince the leader of the Castilian troops, Nuño González de Lara, to turn against Alfonso. By 1272 Nuño González was actively fighting Castile. The Emirate's conflict with Castille and Banu Ashqilula was still unresolved in 1273, when Muhammad I died after falling off his horse. He was succeeded by his son, Muhammad II.

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