Lithuanian Wars of Independence

Lithuanian–Bolshevik War
Date December 1918 - August 1919 Location Lithuania Result Lithuanian victory
Belligerents
Lithuania pro-German Freikorps	Russian SFSR Lithuanian-Byelorussian SSR
Commanders and leaders
Silvestras Žukauskas	Vincas Kapsukas
Strength
8,000 Lithuanians in 1919 10,000 pro-German Freikorps	20 000

War against Bermontians
Date July 26 - December 15, 1919 Location Lithuania Result Lithuanian victory
Belligerents
Lithuania	West Russian Volunteer Army
Commanders and leaders
Kazys Ladiga	Pavel Bermondt-Avalov
Strength
~20,000	52,000 with artillery and planes (unused)

Polish–Lithuanian War
Date September 1 - October 7, 1920 Location Lithuania Result Strategic and Tactical Polish victory. Suwałki Agreement
Belligerents
Lithuania	Poland

The Lithuanian Wars of Independence, also known as the Freedom Struggles (Lithuanian: Laisvės kovos), refer to three wars Lithuania fought defending its independence at the end of World War I: with Bolshevik forces (December 1918 – August 1919), Bermontians (June 1919 – December 1919), and Poland (August 1920 – November 1920). The wars delayed international recognition of independent Lithuania and the formation of civil institutions.

After the Partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1795, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania was annexed by the Russian Empire. The Lithuanian National Revival emerged during the 19th century and the movement to establish an independent nation-state intensified during the early 20th century. During World War I, Lithuanian territory was occupied by Germany from 1915 until the war ended in November 1918.

On February 16, 1918, the Council of Lithuania declared the re-establishment of independence from all previous legal bonds with other states. The declaration asserted the right to self-determination, meaning the creation of a state within ethnic Lithuanian territories. The publication of the Act of Independence was initially suppressed by the German occupation forces, but on March 23, 1918, the Germans acknowledged the declaration; their plans had shifted to the establishment of a network of satellite countries (Mitteleuropa). However, Germany did not allow the Council to establish a Lithuanian military force, police force, or civic institutions. On November 11, 1918 Germany signed an armistice on the Western Front and officially lost the war and control over Lithuania. The first national government, led by Augustinas Voldemaras, was formed. Voldemaras issued a declaration that Lithuania did not need a military force, as it was not planning to engage in warfare, and that only a small militia was needed. This view was unrealistic, since military conflicts soon erupted.

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