Johannes Barbarus

Johannes Vares (12 January 1890 [O.S. 31 December 1889] – 29 November 1946), commonly known as Johannes Vares Barbarus, was an Estonian poet, doctor, and politician.

Vares was born in Kiisa Heimtali Parish (now in Pärsti Parish), Viljandi County, and educated at Pärnu Gymnasium. He later studied medicine at the University of Kiev, in present-day Ukraine.

Vares served as a military physician in World War I, and after that as a military physician for the Estonian army during the Estonian Liberation War (1918–1920), he was awarded Cross of Liberty (Estonia) for the participation, but Vares denied the offer.

Vares later worked as a doctor in Pärnu, and became a well known Estonian poet as well as radical socialist, using the pen name Johannes Barbarus.

When Soviet troops occupied Estonia in June 1940, Andrei Zhdanov forced President Konstantin Päts to appoint Vares as prime minister of a Communist-dominated puppet government. Päts resigned in July, and Vares took over most presidential duties until August 1940, when Estonia was annexed by the Soviet Union. He became a Central Committee member of the restructured Estonian Communist (Bolshevik) Party on 12 September 1940, and remained nominal head of state as chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Estonia.

Following the German invasion of Estonia in 1941, Vares fled to Russia, where he lived in exile from 1941 to 1944, until the Soviets reconquered Estonia.

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