Jin-Song Wars

The Jin–Song Wars
Song dynasty (orange) and Jin dynasty (blue)
Date 1125–1234 November 1125–1142, Jin conquest of northern China 1161–1165, Prince of Hailing's campaign 1206–1208, Song revanchist war 1217–1224, Jin–Song war after the Mongol invasion of Jin in 1211 1233–1234, Mongol–Song joint invasion of the Jin Location China Result Jurchens conquer northern China Song court moves south to Hangzhou Southern Song dynasty period begins
Belligerents
Jin dynasty Da Chu (1127) Da Qi (1133–37) Co-belligerents: Western Xia (1225–27)	Song dynasty Mongol Empire (1211–34) Khitans Western Xia (1210–19)

Jin dynasty

Co-belligerents:

Song dynasty

The Jin–Song Wars were a series of conflicts between the Jurchen Jin dynasty (1115–1234) and Han Chinese Song dynasty (960–1279). In 1115, the Jurchens rebelled against their overlords, the Khitan Liao dynasty (907–1125), and declared the formation of the Jin. Allying with the Song against their common enemy the Liao, the Jin promised to return to the Song the territories in northern China that had fallen under Liao control since 938. The Jurchens' quick defeat of the Liao combined with Song military failures made the Jin reluctant to cede these territories. After a series of failed negotiations that embittered both sides, the Jurchens attacked the Song in November 1125, dispatching one army towards Taiyuan and the other towards Kaifeng, the Song capital.

Surprised by the news of an invasion, the Song general stationed in Taiyuan retreated from the city, which was besieged and later captured. As the second Jin army approached the capital, Emperor Huizong of the Song abdicated and fled south. A new emperor, Qinzong, was enthroned. The Jurchens began a siege against Kaifeng in 1126, but Qinzong negotiated for their retreat from the capital after he agreed to pay a large annual indemnity. Qinzong reneged on the deal and ordered Song forces to defend the prefectures instead of fortifying the capital. The Jin resumed their war against the Song and again besieged Kaifeng in 1127. The Chinese emperor was captured in an event known as the Jingkang Incident, the capital was looted, and the Song lost northern China to the Jin. Remnants of the Song retreated to southern China and, after brief stays in several temporary capitals, eventually relocated to Hangzhou. The retreat of the Song court marked the end of the Northern Song era and the beginning of the Southern Song.

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