Hugo Bergmann

Samuel (Schmuel) Hugo Bergman(n), or Samuel Bergman (Hebrew: שמואל הוגו ברגמן; December 25, 1883 – June 18, 1975) was an Israeli philosopher.

Born and raised in Austria-Hungary, Bergmann was a keen member of the Prague intelligentsia visiting the salon group that met at the house of Berta Fanta. Bergmann was to marry her daughter Else Fanta.

He and Else emigrated to Palestine in 1920, and founded, together with Martin Buber, the movement Brit Shalom which promoted a "dual-national" area where Jews and Arabs could live under equal conditions.

He translated several of Rudolf Steiner's books about Threefold Social Order to Hebrew.

He became a Professor at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, and later on the dean of the university. His best friends from Prague to Israel were Franz Kafka, who was a schoolmate of his, the philosopher Felix Weltsch, who later also worked in the University Library of Jerusalem, and Max Brod, who was introduced by Bergman into Zionism as early as before 1910.

He wrote on the nature of quantum mechanics and causality where he interpreted spontaneity in nature with the psychological idea that the closer we come to elements in nature or components in the individual, the less tenable is strict causal determinism and the more freedom we must grant to decisive personal elements.

"In corresponding areas of physics, the statistical law of averages takes on the same functions in determining temporal position and in prediction and reconstruction that the strict law of causality previously covered, but with the distinction that the individual case could be temporally located and predicted or reconstructed before, whereas now we deal only with the average." (1929)

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