Hormizd I

Hormizd I
"King of kings of Iran and Aniran" (Middle Persian: šāhān šāh ērān ud anērān) "Great king of Armenians"
Coin of Hormizd I.
Reign	May 270 – June 271
Predecessor	Shapur I
Successor	Bahram I
Born	Unknown
Died	June 271 Unknown
Issue	Hormozdak
House	House of Sasan
Father	Shapur I
Mother	Gurdzad
Religion	Zoroastrianism

Hormizd-Ardashir, better known by his dynastic name of Hormizd I (Persian: هرمز یکم‎‎), was the third shahanshah (king of kings) of the Sasanian Empire from May 270 to June 271. He was the youngest son of Shapur I (240–270/72), under whom he was governor of Armenia, and appears in his wars against Rome (Historia Augusta, Trig. Tyr. 2, where Nöldeke has corrected the name Odomastes into Oromastes, i.e. Hormizd).

In the Persian tradition of the history of Ardashir I (226–240 [died 241/42]), preserved in a Pahlavi text (Nöldeke, Geschichte des Artachsir I. Papakan), Hormizd I is made the son of Gurdzad, a daughter of Mihrak, a Parthian dynast, whose family Ardashir had extirpated because the Magi had predicted that the restorer of the empire of Persia would come from his blood.

According to legend, Gurdzad alone was saved by a peasant; Shapur I saw her and made her his wife, and afterwards her son Hormizd I was recognized and acknowledged by Ardashir. Hormizd also had three brothers named Bahram I, Narseh, and Shapur Mishanshah. Although he was younger than some of his brothers, he was designed as Shapur's heir because of his prominent descent from his mother's side.

Hormizd is first mentioned during the wars of Shapur I against the Roman Empire. According to Cyrille Toumanoff, Hormizd was appointed as the ruler of Armenia, which he ruled from 251 until his accession in 270. Little is known of his reign. According to the Muslim chronicler Abu Mansur al-Tha'alibi, Hormizd, like his father and grandfather, ruled with justice. He founded the city of Ram-Hormizd, Hormizd-Ardashir, and Dastagird, which would later be used as a royal residence by the 7th-century Sasanian king Khosrau II. Hormizd also campaigned against the Sogdians, where he was victorious, managed to impose tribute, and erect at their border a stone column that they were not allowed to cross. Hormizd then returned to Estakhr where he died after a reign of only one year. Hormizd was not succeeded by his son Hormozdak, but by his brother Bahram I.