Gran Colombia – Peru War
| Gran Colombia-Peru War | |||||||||
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 Map of the Gran Colombia Federation and the Republic of Peru in 1828 Peru in red, Gran Colombia in blue, disputed territory striped |
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Republic of Colombia
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 Republic of Peru
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| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Antonio José de Sucre |
Jose de La Mar Agustín Gamarra |
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Stalemate, Peruvian land invasion lost momentum after battle of Tarqui; at sea, Peru maintained supremacy after the fall of Guayaquil. War came to an end with the signing of the Gual-Larrea treaty and the unexpected coup-de-etat against President La Mar. Colombian troops were driven out of Bolivia, Peru recognized the Colombian annexation of Guayaquil and Colombia recognized implicitly Peruvian sovereignty of Tumbes, Jaen and Maynas.
The Gran Colombia–Peru War of 1828 and 1829 was the first international conflict fought by the Republic of Peru, which had gained its independence from Spain in 1821, and Gran Colombia, a confederation of the modern-day countries of Colombia, Ecuador, Panama, and Venezuela that existed between 1819 and 1830.
The issues that led to war were Gran Colombian claims, dating from colonial times, concerning control of the territories of Jaén and Maynas. The Royal Audience of Quito (Spanish: Real Audiencia de Quito) was established in 1563 by a royal decree of the King of Spain. Its territories included, to the north, Pasto, Popayán, Cali, Buenaventura, and Buga in what is now Colombia. The Royal Audience of Quito was initially part of the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1717, when it became part of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. Borders at the time were imprecise, especially in the eastern unsettled areas, beyond the Andean cordillera, because of a lack of geographical knowledge and the low importance accorded to these unpopulated and largely inaccessible territories.
The first controversy between the Viceroyalty of Peru and the Real Audiencia de Quito erupted in 1802, when the military and ecclesiastic administration of Maynas was transferred to the Viceroyalty of Peru by royal decree. To this day, there is some dispute as to whether this was a territorial concession as well. This lack of clarity formed the basis for territorial disputes between Ecuador and Peru when, a few years later, these two nations obtained their independence from Spain. Jaén and Tumbez were not included in this royal decree of 1802.
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