Gilyaks
 A group of Nivkh people  Nivkh men, 1902 |
|
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 5,800 (est.) | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 Russia
|
4,652 |
 Ukraine
|
584 |
| Languages | |
| Nivkh, Russian, Japanese | |
| Religion | |
| Shamanism, Russian Orthodox Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| isolate ethnic group | |
The Nivkh (also Nivkhs, Nivkhi, or Gilyak; ethnonym: Nivxi; language, нивхгу - Nivxgu) are an indigenous ethnic group inhabiting the northern half of Sakhalin Island and the region of the Amur River estuary in Russia's Khabarovsk Krai. Nivkh were traditionally fishermen, hunters, and dog breeders. They were semi-nomadic, living near the coasts in the summer and wintering inland along streams and rivers to catch salmon. The land the Nivkh inhabit is characterized as taiga forest with cold snow-laden winters and mild summers with sparse tree cover. The Nivkh are believed to be the original inhabitants of the region, and that they derive from a proposed Neolithic people that migrated from the Transbaikal region during the .
The Nivkh suffered heavily from foreign influences, the first of which was the migration of the Tungusic peoples. Later, Qing China forced the Nivkh to pay tribute to them. In the 1850s–1860s, Cossacks of the Russian Empire annexed and colonized Nivkh lands, where they are a small, often neglected, minority today. Today, the Nivkh live in Russian-style housing and with the over-fishing and pollution of the streams and seas, they have adopted many foods from Russian cuisine. The Nivkh practice shamanism, which is important for the winter Bear festival, though some have converted to Russian Orthodoxy.
As of the 2002 Russian Federation census, 5,287 Nivkh exist. Most speak Russian today, and about 10 percent speak their indigenous Nivkh language. Nivkh is considered an language isolate, although it is grouped, for convenience, with the Paleosiberian languages. The Nivkh language is divided into four dialects.
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