German Revolution of 1918–1919

German Revolution
Part of the Revolutions of 1917–23
Soldiers stand behind a barricade during the Spartacist uprising.
Date First stage: 29 October – 9 November 1918 (1 week and 4 days) Second stage: 3 November 1918 – 11 August 1919 (9 months and 1 week) Location Germany Result Weimar Republic victory Abdication of Emperor Wilhelm II Suppression of leftist uprisings, including Spartacist uprising End of the First World War Establishment of Weimar Republic
Belligerents
German Empire (1918) Imperial German Army Weimar Republic (1918–1919) Reichswehr Freikorps Stahlhelm Social Democratic Party of Germany	Free Socialist Republic of Germany Spartacus League Communist Party of Germany Bavarian Soviet Republic Revolutionary Stewards Free Trade Unions Supported by:  Russian SFSR
Commanders and leaders
Emperor Wilhelm II Ludwig III of Bavaria Paul von Hindenburg Erich Ludendorff Franz von Hipper Reinhard Scheer Friedrich Ebert Gustav Noske Philipp Scheidemann Otto Wels Waldemar Pabst Matthias Erzberger Hugo Preuß Eugen Schiffer	Rosa Luxemburg  Karl Liebknecht  Kurt Eisner † Paul Levi Franz Mehring † Wilhelm Pieck Ernst Toller Erich Mühsam Richard Müller Emil Barth Gustav Landauer  Eugen Leviné  Karl Radek Emil Eichhorn

Weimar Republic victory

German Empire (1918)

Weimar Republic (1918–1919)

Free Socialist Republic of Germany

The German Revolution or November Revolution (German: Novemberrevolution) was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of Germany's Imperial government with a republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the establishment in August 1919 of a republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic.

The roots of the revolution lay in the German Empire's defeat in the First World War and the social tensions that came to a head shortly thereafter. The first acts of revolution were triggered by the policies of the German Supreme Command and its lack of coordination with the Naval Command. In the face of defeat, the Naval Command insisted on trying to precipitate a climactic battle with the British Royal Navy by means of its naval order of 24 October 1918. The battle never took place. Instead of obeying their orders to begin preparations to fight the British, German sailors led a revolt in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven on 29 October 1918, followed by the Kiel mutiny in the first days of November. These disturbances spread the spirit of civil unrest across Germany and ultimately led to the proclamation of a republic on 9 November 1918. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Wilhelm II abdicated his throne and fled the country.

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