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German Revolution of 1918–1919

German Revolution
Part of the Revolutions of 1917–23
Spartakusaufstand Barrikaden.jpg
Soldiers stand behind a barricade during the Spartacist uprising.
Date
  • First stage: 29 October – 9 November 1918 (1 week and 4 days)
  • Second stage: 3 November 1918 – 11 August 1919 (9 months and 1 week)
Location Germany
Result

Weimar Republic victory

Belligerents

German Empire (1918)


Weimar Republic (1918–1919)

Free Socialist Republic of Germany

Supported by:
Commanders and leaders


Weimar Republic victory

German Empire (1918)

Weimar Republic (1918–1919)

Free Socialist Republic of Germany

The German Revolution or November Revolution (German: Novemberrevolution) was a civil conflict in the German Empire at the end of the First World War that resulted in the replacement of Germany's Imperial government with a republic. The revolutionary period lasted from November 1918 until the establishment in August 1919 of a republic that later became known as the Weimar Republic.

The roots of the revolution lay in the German Empire's defeat in the First World War and the social tensions that came to a head shortly thereafter. The first acts of revolution were triggered by the policies of the German Supreme Command and its lack of coordination with the Naval Command. In the face of defeat, the Naval Command insisted on trying to precipitate a climactic battle with the British Royal Navy by means of its naval order of 24 October 1918. The battle never took place. Instead of obeying their orders to begin preparations to fight the British, German sailors led a revolt in the naval ports of Wilhelmshaven on 29 October 1918, followed by the Kiel mutiny in the first days of November. These disturbances spread the spirit of civil unrest across Germany and ultimately led to the proclamation of a republic on 9 November 1918. Shortly thereafter, Emperor Wilhelm II abdicated his throne and fled the country.


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