East Griqualand

Griqualand East
Nieuw Griqualand Griekwaland-Oos
British Colony (1874–1879)
1862–1879
Griqua Flag† Seal of Griqualand EastX
Motto Pro Rege Lege et Grege Latin: For King, Law and the People
Location of Griqualand East in Southern Africa (~1862–1879)
Capital		Kokstad
Languages		Dutch(written) proto-Afrikaans(spoken) Xhosa
Government		Republic?
President?		Adam Kok III
Legislature		Raad/Volksraad (12 members)
History
•	Annexation of Philippolis Expulsion to Nomansland	1860 1862 (1863?)
•	Laager	1862
•	Move from Mt.Currie	1869
•	Kokstad founded	1872
•	Annexation	1874 ~ 1879
•	Adam Kok's death	1875
Area
•	Estimate‡	20,000 km2 (7,700 sq mi)
Population
•	Griqua est.	1,100
•	Xhosa*(Mpondo) est.	30,000
Currency		Tokens
Succeeded by Cape Colony
X Rough replica of the seal depicted on a 1 pound-note issued in 1867 † The Griqua flag is a vertically flipped version of the "Vierkleur" used by Transvaal and the South African Republic. A single source dates its origin to 1903; whether or not independent Griqualand East actually deployed it is uncertain. ‡ Maximum extend given, defined as unclaimed/un-annexed by other established governments. Total area was in flux throughout history. Source for given figure under References (below). * +Zulu refugees from earlier Shaka war

Griqualand East (Afrikaans: Griekwaland-Oos), officially known as New Griqualand (Dutch: Nieuw Griqualand), was one of four short-lived Griqua states in Southern Africa from the early 1860s until the late 1870s and was located between the Umzimkulu and Kinira Rivers, south of the Sotho Kingdom.

Griqualand East's capital, Kokstad, was the final place of settlement for a people who had migrated several times on their journey from the Cape of Good Hope and over the mountains of present-day Lesotho.

The territory was occupied by the British Empire and became a colony in 1874, shortly before the death of its founder and only leader, Adam Kok III. A short while later, the small territory was incorporated into the neighbouring Cape Colony. Though for a long time overshadowed in history by the story of the Voortrekkers, the trek of the Griquas has been described as "one of the great epics of the 19th century."

Before the arrival of migrants from the west and north, the area formed part of the Mpondo kingdom under King Faku, who ruled as sovereign of the ethnically Xhosa dynasty from 1815–1867. During his reign, Faku initially welcomed many refugees who came over the territory's north-eastern border, fleeing from the incursions and raids by the army of Shaka (leader of the Zulu Kingdom from 1816 to 1828). As Faku eventually realised that his warriors could not defend the eastern part of his kingdom against Shaka, he decided to evacuate the area, leaving behind what became known as Nomansland (often spelled "No-man's land" in contemporary sources).

Meanwhile, a group of Griquas who had left the Cape of Good Hope in the 18th century and had settled in the area around present-day Philippolis in 1826 faced the prospect of their area coming under the control of the emerging Orange Free State (Oranje Vrijstaat - officially established as a Boer republic in 1854). In 1861 most of these inhabitants embarked on a tiresome and exhausting journey, leaving to move southwards over Quathlamba (today known as the Drakensberg mountain range), but first-hand witnesses give two differing narratives of the reasons and motivations for their last trek.