Duchy of Jülich-Berg

United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg
Vereinigte Herzogtümer Jülich-Kleve-Berg (de) Verenigde Hertogdommen Gulik-Kleef-Berg (nl)
State of the Holy Roman Empire
1521–1614
Coat of arms
Map of the Lower Rhenish–Westphalian Circle around 1560, United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg highlighted in red
Capital		Düsseldorf
Languages		South Guelderish, Limburgish
Government		Principality
Historical era		Middle Ages
•	Cleves and Mark     inherited by     Duke of Jülich-Berg	1521
•	Partitioned at Xanten	12 November 1614
Preceded by Succeeded by Duchy of Berg Duchy of Cleves Duchy of Jülich County of Mark County of Ravensberg Margraviate of Brandenburg Palatinate-Neuburg
Today part of		Germany  Netherlands

Jülich-Cleves-Berg was the name of two former territories across the modern German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and the modern Dutch province of Gelderland. From 1521 to 1666, the territory was a combination of states in personal union, all reichsfrei territories of the Holy Roman Empire. The name was resurrected after the Congress of Vienna for a short-lived province of the Kingdom of Prussia between 1815 and 1822.

The United Duchies of Jülich-Cleves-Berg was a combination of states of the Holy Roman Empire. The duchies of Jülich and Berg united in 1423. Nearly a century later, in 1521, these two duchies, along with the county of Ravensberg, fell extinct, with only the last duke's daughter Maria von Geldern left to inherit; under Salic law, women could only hold property through a husband or guardian, so the territories passed to her husband — and distant relative — John III, Duke of Cleves and Mark as a result of their strategic marriage in 1509. These united duchies controlled most of the present-day North Rhine-Westphalia that was not within the ecclesiastical territories of Electoral Cologne and Münster.

Only a century after John III's marriage, however, the united ducal line fell extinct, prompting a war over the succession to the territories after the death of John III's grandson, duke John-William, without issue. Whilst the dukes, inspired by the humanism of Desiderius Erasmus, had managed to bear a "via media" between the confessional disputes ensuing from the Protestant Reformation, the heirs of the last duke's two eldest sisters were on opposite sides of the divide. The situation was further complicated by acquisitive desires of Emperor Rudolph II and the Wettin dukes of Saxony — the former particularly worrying to Henry IV of France and the Dutch Republic, who feared any strengthening of the Habsburg Netherlands.