Dorothea Sophie of Neuburg (Dorothea Sophie; 5 July 1670 – 15 September 1748) was Duchess of Parma from 1695 to 1727. She was the sixth daughter of the Elector Palatine, Philip William of Neuburg, and Landgravine Elisabeth Amalie of Hesse-Darmstadt. Her sisters became Queen of Spain, Queen of Portugal and Holy Roman Empress. She was regent of the duchy of Parma from 1731 to 1735.

Born at the , Countess Palatine Dorothea was the fourteenth of seventeen children and her parents' sixth daughter. Her older sisters included: Eleonor Magdalene, consort of Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I; Maria Sofia, consort of Peter II of Portugal; Maria Anna, consort of Charles II of Spain; and Elisabeth, daughter-in-law of John III Sobieski, King of Poland.

Her brothers included the Electors Palatine Johann Wilhelm and Charles III, each of whom, in turn, succeeded their father; and Francis Louis, Grand Master of the Teutonic Order.