Demographics of the Soviet Union

According to data from the 1989 Soviet census, the population of the Soviet Union was 70% East Slavs, 12% Turkic peoples, and all other ethnic groups below 10%. Alongside the atheist majority of 60% there were sizable minorities of Russian Orthodox Christians (approx. 20%) and Muslims (approx. 15%).

The following demographic statistics are from the 1990 edition of the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated. (Note: The CIA did not include the Baltic states in its statistic calculations.)

Labor force: 152,300,000 civilians; 80% industry and other nonagricultural fields, 20% agriculture; shortage of skilled labor (1989)

Organized labor: 98% of workers are union members; all trade unions are organized within the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (AUCCTU) and conduct their work under guidance of the Communist party

Soviet Union population density map 1982

The Russian Empire lost territories with about 30 million inhabitants after the Russian Revolution (Poland 18 million; Finland 3 million; Romania 3 million; the Baltic states 5 million and Kars to Turkey 400 thousand). World War II losses were estimated between 27-30 million, including an increase in infant mortality of 1.3 million. Total war losses include territories annexed by Soviet Union in 1939-45.

Although the population growth rate decreased over time, it remained positive throughout the history of the Soviet Union in all republics, and the population grew each year by more than 2 million except during periods of wartime, collectivisation, and famine.

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