Battle of Cold Harbor

Battle of Cold Harbor by Kurz and Allison, 1888.

Date	May 31 (1864-05-31) – June 12, 1864 (1864-06-13)
Location	Hanover County, near Mechanicsville, Virginia 37°35′24″N 77°17′06″W / 37.59°N 77.285°W / 37.59; -77.285Coordinates: 37°35′24″N 77°17′06″W / 37.59°N 77.285°W / 37.59; -77.285
Result	Confederate victory

Belligerents

United States (Union)

CSA (Confederacy)

Commanders and leaders

Ulysses S. Grant
George G. Meade

Robert E. Lee

Units involved

Army of Northern Virginia

Strength

108–117,000

59–62,000

Casualties and losses

12,738 total
1,845 killed
9,077 wounded
1,816 captured/missing

5,287 total
788 killed
3,376 wounded
1,123 captured/missing

The Battle of Cold Harbor was fought from May 31 to June 12, 1864, with the most significant fighting occurring on June 3. It was one of the final battles of Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's Overland Campaign during the American Civil War, and is remembered as one of American history's bloodiest, most lopsided battles. Thousands of Union soldiers were killed or wounded in a hopeless frontal assault against the fortified positions of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's army.

On May 31, as Grant's army once again swung around the right flank of Lee's army, Union cavalry seized the crossroads of Old Cold Harbor, about 10 miles northeast of the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, holding it against Confederate attacks until the Union infantry arrived. Both Grant and Lee, whose armies had suffered enormous casualties in the Overland Campaign, received reinforcements. On the evening of June 1, the Union VI Corps and XVIII Corps arrived and assaulted the Confederate works to the west of the crossroads with some success.

On June 2, the remainder of both armies arrived and the Confederates built an elaborate series of fortifications 7 miles long. At dawn on June 3, three Union corps attacked the Confederate works on the southern end of the line and were easily repulsed with heavy casualties. Attempts to assault the northern end of the line and to resume the assaults on the southern were unsuccessful.

Grant said of the battle in his memoirs, "I have always regretted that the last assault at Cold Harbor was ever made. ... No advantage whatever was gained to compensate for the heavy loss we sustained." The armies confronted each other on these lines until the night of June 12, when Grant again advanced by his left flank, marching to the James River. It was an impressive defensive victory for Lee, but it was his last in the war. In the final stage, he alternated between digging into the trenches at Petersburg and fleeing westward across Virginia.

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