Ancient Crete

Ancient Crete is the civilization that existed on the island of Crete, just south of Greece, in the Mediterranean Sea. From around 3560–1400 B.C., inhabitants known as Minoans controlled Crete and ruled the island in autonomous city states. Although the Minoans were able to rise to a position of political and economic dominance during this time, their civilization and subsequent control over Crete was destroyed by a large volcanic eruption 300 km away, layering it in hot volcanic ash. It is from this period onward that Crete began to fall under the control of the nearby Greek city-states and eventually the Roman Empire.

The island of Crete runs approximately 260 kilometres (160 mi) in length from east to west and at its widest points in the center extends about 60 km. Crete is set in a region of the Mediterranean that is geologically unstable, and thus the island has been affected by countless earthquakes which have caused drastic shifts in the terrain and left many of its ancient cities in ruins. Findings of submerged cities and houses during archaeological diving expeditions just off the coast of Crete have allowed modern historians to assume that the Mediterranean Sea has risen since the time of the Minoans. The island is dominated by a mountain range known as the White Mountains which contain some peaks that reach approximately 2,500 metres (8,200 ft) in height.

The Cretans are formally referred to as Minoans and formed what is considered as a civilized society around 2100 B.C. during the early years of the Bronze Age. Much of what modern historians know about the Minoans comes from Linear B which was discovered at the palace of Knossos. The tablet was translated and contained lists of inventory that is assumed to have been stored in the palace. Since the period when the Mycenaeans first inhabited the island of Crete they were ruled by a monarchy. There was no official capital of Crete, as each city-state was independent, but Knossos was the de facto ruler of the region. It is unclear as to what type of taxes were paid by the surrounding villagers to the crown, yet it is most likely that these people paid in tribute by providing goods and manufactured products. As stated earlier in the article the Mycenaeans did participate heavily in Mediterranean trade. Though many resources were available for the Mycenaeans on the island of Crete, there was always a constant demand for olive oil and grain (such as wheat) which were found inland in nearby Greece. Each city-state located within Crete had two integral parts of its structure: an acropolis and an agora (marketplace). The acropolis was usually built atop a mountain to help defend it from invaders, while the public agora resided in the valley below. There is evidence to suggest that many Minoan city-states also practiced sports, such as boxing and bull jumping (see below in Religion).

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