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Alexander the Great's conquest of Persia

Wars of Alexander the Great
Alexander and Bucephalus - Battle of Issus mosaic - Museo Archeologico Nazionale - Naples BW.jpg
Alexander fighting Persian king Darius III. From Alexander Mosaic of Pompeii, Naples, Naples National Archaeological Museum
Date 336–323 BC
(13 years)
Location Thrace, Greece, Asia Minor, Syria, Babylonia, Persia, Bactria, Sogdiana, Punjab
Result
Belligerents
Kingdom of Macedon
Hellenic league
Persian Empire
Pauravas
Greek city-states
Thrace
Getae
Sogdia
Uxians
Various tribes and kingdoms of Indus Valley
Commanders and leaders
Alexander the Great
Parmenion
Antipater
Ptolemy
Hephaestion
Craterus
Philotas
Cleitus the Black
Perdiccas
Coenus
Lysimachus
Antigonus
Nearchus
Cassander
Darius III of Persia
Bessus
Spitamenes
Madates
King Porus

The wars of Alexander the Great were fought by King Alexander III of Macedon ("The Great"), first against the Achaemenid Persian Empire under Darius III, and then against local chieftains and warlords as far east as Punjab, India. Alexander the Great was one of the most successful military commanders of all time. He was undefeated in battle. By the time of his death, he had conquered most of the world known to the ancient Greeks. Although being successful as a military commander, he failed to provide any stable alternative to the Achaemenid Empire—his untimely death threw the vast territories he conquered into civil war.

Alexander assumed the kingship of Macedon following the death of his father Philip II, who had unified most of the city-states of mainland Greece under Macedonian hegemony in a federation called the League of Corinth. After reconfirming Macedonian rule by quashing a rebellion of southern Greek city-states and staging a short but bloody excursion against Macedon's northern neighbors, Alexander set out east against the Achaemenid Persian Empire, under its "King of Kings" (the title all Achaemenid kings went by), Darius III, which he defeated and overthrew. His conquests included Anatolia, Syria, Phoenicia, Judea, Gaza, Egypt, Bactria, and Mesopotamia, and he extended the boundaries of his own empire as far as Punjab, India.


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