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Activin

inhibin, alpha
Identifiers
Symbol INHA
Entrez 3623
HUGO 6065
OMIM 147380
RefSeq NM_002191
UniProt P05111
Other data
Locus Chr. 2 q33-qter
inhibin, beta A
Peptide hormones - 2ARV.png
The Activin dimer, from 2ARV.pdb
Identifiers
Symbol INHBA
Alt. symbols activin A
Entrez 3624
HUGO 6066
OMIM 147290
RefSeq NM_002192
UniProt P08476
Other data
Locus Chr. 7 p15-p13
inhibin, beta B
Identifiers
Symbol INHBB
Alt. symbols activin B
Entrez 3625
HUGO 6067
OMIM 147390
RefSeq NM_002193
UniProt P09529
Other data
Locus Chr. 2 cen-q13
inhibin, beta C
Identifiers
Symbol INHBC
Alt. symbols activin C
Entrez 3626
HUGO 6068
OMIM 601233
RefSeq NM_005538
UniProt P55103
Other data
Locus Chr. 12 q13
inhibin, beta E
Identifiers
Symbol INHBE
Alt. symbols activin E
Entrez 83729
HUGO 24029
OMIM 612031
RefSeq NM_031479
UniProt P58166
Other data
Locus Chr. 12 q13.2

Activin and inhibin are two closely related protein complexes that have almost directly opposite biological effects. Identified in 1986,activin enhances FSH biosynthesis and secretion, and participates in the regulation of the menstrual cycle. Many other functions have been found to be exerted by activin, including roles in cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis,metabolism, homeostasis, immune response, wound repair, and endocrine function. Conversely, inhibin downregulates FSH synthesis and inhibits FSH secretion. The existence of inhibin was hypothesized as early as 1916; however, it was not demonstrated to exist until Neena Schwartz and Cornelia Channing's work in the mid 1970s, after which both proteins were molecularly characterized ten years later.

Activin is a dimer composed of two identical or very similar beta subunits. Inhibin is also a dimer wherein the first component is a beta subunit similar or identical to the beta subunit in activin. However, in contrast to activin, the second component of the inhibin dimer is a more distantly-related alpha subunit. Activin, inhibin and a number of other structurally related proteins such as anti-Müllerian hormone, bone morphogenetic protein, and growth differentiation factor belong to the TGF-β protein superfamily.


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