Anti-Müllerian hormone

anti-Müllerian hormone
Identifiers
Symbol	AMH
Entrez	268
HUGO	464
OMIM	600957
RefSeq	NM_000479
UniProt	P03971
Other data
Locus	Chr. 19 p13.3

anti-Müllerian hormone receptor, type II
Identifiers
Symbol	AMHR2
Entrez	269
HUGO	465
OMIM	600956
RefSeq	NM_020547
UniProt	Q16671
Other data
Locus	Chr. 12 q13

Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), also known by various other names, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the AMH gene. It is a hormone that inhibits the development of the Müllerian ducts (paramesonephric ducts) in the male embryo.

Although the AMH receptor is expressed in both male and female fetuses, AMH expression has been isolated to male sertoli cells. Expression of AMH is activated by SOX9 in the male Sertoli cells and causes the irreversible regression of the Müllerian ducts. Because AMH expression is critical to sex differentiation at a specific time during fetal development, it appears to be tightly regulated by SF1, GATA factors, DAX1 and FSH. Mutations in both the AMH gene and the type II AMH receptor have been shown to cause the persistence of Müllerian derivatives in males that are otherwise normally virilized.

AMH expression also occurs in ovarian granulosa cells of females postpartum, and serves as a molecular biomarker for relative size of the ovarian reserve. In humans, the number of cells in the follicular reserve can be used to predict timing of menopause. In bovine, AMH can be used for selection of females in multi-ovulatory embryo transfer programs by predicting the number of antral follicles developed to ovulation.

AMH is present in fish, reptiles, birds, marsupials, and placental mammals.

AMH is secreted by Sertoli cells of the testes during embryogenesis of the fetal male. In females, it is secreted by the granulosa cells of ovarian follicles.

AMH is a protein hormone structurally related to inhibin and activin, and a member of the transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) family. It is a dimeric glycoprotein. It has a molar mass of 140 kDa.

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