Xuantu Commandery
| Xuantu Commandery | |||||||
| Chinese name | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese | 玄菟郡 | ||||||
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| Korean name | |||||||
| Hangul | 현도군 | ||||||
| Hanja | 玄菟郡 | ||||||
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| Transcriptions | |
|---|---|
| Standard Mandarin | |
| Hanyu Pinyin | Xuántú Jùn |
| Transcriptions | |
|---|---|
| Revised Romanization | Hyeondo-gun |
| McCune–Reischauer | Hyŏndo-kun |
Xuantu Commandery (Chinese:) was a commandery (administrative district) established beyond the far eastern pale (遼東) of Han China. It was one of Four Commanderies of Han, established in 107 BCE, after the Han dynasty invaded Wiman Joseon of Korea. Korean kingdom of Goguryeo rose in this area in competition with the Chinese over the region. Although Goguryeo gained full control over the general region in 302, Later Han had already lost the earlier territory of Xuantu, which retreated to Liaodong Peninsula in the 1st century CE. The populations of the respective prefectures were greatly reduced after they were transferred to Liaodong, but their prefectural identities were preserved albeit nominally.
In 82 BCE, the Han dynasty reduced its commandery units; Lintun Commandery merged with Xuantu as a result. In 75 BCE, the Xuantu Commandery was forced to moved its seat from Fort Okjeo (沃沮城) to Gaogouli County due to raids by the Maek tribes (貊), a likely reference to Gaogouli. As a result, some of its previous prefectures had now to be abandoned or reassigned, seven of which were subject to Lelang Commandery, the so-called "seven prefectures beyond the eastern pass" (嶺東七縣). As a result of the change, only three prefectures remained under Xuantu Commandery: Gaogouli County (高句驪), Shangyintai (上殷台) and Xigaima (西蓋馬).
The Book of Han records 45,006 households and 221,845 individuals in Xuantu Commandery for year 2 CE.
When General Sima Yi of Cao Wei conquered Gongsun Yuan in his military campaign against Liaodong in 238, there remained only four prefectures in the new Xuantu Commandery that had retreated west (present-day Fushun): Gaogouli (高句麗), Gaoxian (高顯), Liaoyang (遼陽), and Wangping (望平). These would all fall within the influence of the fast-growing state of Goguryeo within the next century, and Goguryeo would end up ruling much of the previously Han-occupied part of the Northern Korean Peninsula.
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