Władysław Gomułka
| Władysław Gomułka | |
|---|---|
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| First Secretary of the Polish United Workers' Party |
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In office 21 October 1956 – 20 December 1970 |
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| Preceded by | Edward Ochab |
| Succeeded by | Edward Gierek |
| First Secretary of the Polish Workers' Party | |
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In office 1943–1948 |
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| Preceded by | Paweł Finder |
| Succeeded by | Bolesław Bierut |
| Personal details | |
| Born |
6 February 1905 Krosno, Austria-Hungary |
| Died | 1 September 1982 (aged 77) Konstancin, Poland |
| Nationality | Polish |
| Spouse(s) | Liwa (Zofia) née Szoken (1902–1986) |
Władysław Gomułka (Polish: [vwaˈdɨswaf ɡɔˈmuwka]; 6 February 1905 – 1 September 1982) was a Polish communist politician. He was the de facto leader of post-war Poland until 1948. Following the Polish October he became leader again from 1956 to 1970. Gomułka was initially very popular for his reforms; his seeking a "Polish way to socialism"; and giving rise to the period known as "Gomułka's thaw". During the 1960s, however, he became more conservative. Afraid of destabilizing the system, he was not inclined to introduce or permit changes. In the 1960s he supported the persecution of the Catholic Church and intellectuals (notably Leszek Kołakowski, who was forced into exile).
In 1967–68 Gomułka allowed outbursts of "anti-Zionist" political propaganda, which turned into an anti-Semitic campaign, pursued primarily by others in the Party, but utilized by Gomułka to retain power by shifting the attention from the stagnating economy. The majority of surviving Polish citizens of Jewish origin left the country. At that time he was also responsible for persecuting protesting students and toughening censorship of the media. Gomułka supported Poland's participation in the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in August 1968.
In the treaty with West Germany, signed in December 1970 at the end of Gomulka's period in office, Germany recognized the post-World War II borders, which established a foundation for future peace, stability and cooperation in Central Europe. In the same month, economic difficulties led to price rises and subsequent bloody clashes with shipyard workers on the Baltic Coast, in which several dozen workers were fatally shot. The tragic events forced Gomułka's resignation and retirement. In a generational replacement of the ruling elite, Edward Gierek took over the Party leadership and tensions eased.
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