Violas da gamba
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| String instrument | |
|---|---|
| Other names | Viola da gamba |
| Hornbostel–Sachs classification | 321.322-71 (Composite chordophone sounded by a bow) |
| Developed | Late 15th century from the vihuela |
| Related instruments | |
The viol /ˈvaɪəl/,viola da gamba[ˈvjɔːla da ˈɡamba], or (informally) gamba, is any one of a family of bowed, fretted and stringed instruments with hollow wooden bodies and pegboxes where the tension on the strings can be tightened or loosened to provide strings tuned to different pitches. Frets are thin strips of hard material, most often gut, which are tied on the fingerboard of the instrument's neck, to enable the performer to play in tune more easily. The frets also make stopped strings sound more like open strings. Viols first appeared in Spain in the mid to late 15th century and was most popular in the Renaissance and Baroque (1600-1750) periods. Early ancestors include the Arabic rebab and the medieval European vielle, but later, more direct possible ancestors include the Venetian viole and the 15th- and 16th-century Spanish vihuela, a 6-course plucked instrument tuned like a lute (and also like a present-day viol) that looked like but was quite distinct from (at that time) the 4-course guitar (an earlier chordophone).
Although bass viols superficially resemble cellos, viols are different in numerous respects from instruments of the violin family: the viol family has flat rather than curved backs, sloped rather than rounded shoulders, c holes rather than f holes, and five to seven rather than four strings; some of the many additional differences are tuning strategy (in fourths with a third in the middle—similar to a lute—rather than in fifths), the presence of frets, and underhand ("German") rather than overhand ("French") bow grip.
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