Usta Murad

Usta Murad (1570, Levanto - June 1640, Tunis) was a corsair captain and later Dey of Tunis from 1637 until his death.

Born in Liguria, he was the son of Francesco Di Rio. The chroniclers do not record whether he was captured by the Barbary pirates and sold to Uthman Dey or if he voluntarily joined the galleys of the Tunisian Beylik.

After converting to Islam, he took the name Murad (Turkish: Morat) and began to build a comfortable position in Tunis by becoming a corsair of the beylik. An act delivered by the French consulate on 1 November 1594 indicates in effect that the "patron" of a ship from Salerno had declared himself to owe Mourad 90 gold crowns. From 1600 he increasingly entered into the esteem of Uthman Dey, becoming a sort of personal secretary. In 1615, Yusuf Dey appointed him to the command of the galleys of Bizerte, a role he occupied until 1637. He had six galleys and many more small ships under his command, which roamed the Mediterranean, attacking and pillaging the coasts of Christian Europe and gaining considerable revenue and power for Tunis; he also faced ships from Florence and Malta which frequently depredated the African coasts in a similar way. In 1628 he was named "supreme commander" of the Tunisian army during a short war against the Eyalet of Algeria and, although defeated, he preserved the prestige which he enjoyed thanks to his prowess.

He became wealthy enough to become the owner of a corsair fleet himself. He linked himself with several people who were important in Tunisian public life in order to improve his own affairs. As he consolidated his position he did not forget his origins or try to renounce his biological family. Initially he was rejoined by his father who, thanks to his son's intercession, became an important intermediary working with the magistrate for the redemption of slaves, an institution founded in 1597 to promote the freeing of Ligurian prisoners held by Barbary pirates. In addition to his father, he was reunited with his brothers, who maintained his business relations Genoa, Livorno and Marseilles. Their enormous wealth reinforced Murad's position in the early years of the seventeenth century.

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