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Three Rebellions in Shouchun

Three Rebellions in Shouchun
Part of the wars of the Three Kingdoms period
Date First rebellion: 4th lunar month of 251
Late Spring (around May/June),
Second rebellion: 1st lunar month of 255
Approx. Late January/Early February 255,
Third rebellion: 5th lunar month of 257 - 2nd lunar month of 258
Approx. Summer 257 – Late Winter 258
Location Shouchun (present-day Shou County, Anhui, China)
Result Rebellions suppressed; Sima clan strengthened control over imperial authority of Cao Wei
Belligerents
First rebellion:
Wang Ling
Second rebellion:
Guanqiu Jian,
Wen Qin
Third rebellion:
Zhuge Dan,
Eastern Wu 		Cao Wei
Commanders and leaders
First rebellion:
Wang Ling Surrendered
Second rebellion:
Guanqiu Jian †,
Wen Qin
Third rebellion:
Zhuge Dan †,
Sun Chen 		:
Sima Yi
:
Sima Shi, Deng Ai, Zhuge Dan
:
Sima Zhao, Zhong Hui, Hu Fen, Wang Ji
Three Rebellions in Shouchun
Traditional Chinese 壽春三叛
Simplified Chinese 寿春三叛
Three Rebellions in Huainan
Traditional Chinese 淮南三叛
Simplified Chinese 淮南三叛

The Three Rebellions in Shouchun (also known as the Three Rebellions in Huainan) were a series of revolts that occurred in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period. The rebellions broke out in the later years of Wei when the Sima clan, headed by Sima Yi, usurped state power. The military governors of Shouchun (present-day Shou County, Anhui) rose in revolt thrice in the name of a rebellion to oust the Sima clan from power. The respective leaders of the three rebellions were Wang Ling, Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin, and Zhuge Dan. All the revolts were eventually suppressed.

In 249, during the Incident at Gaoping Tombs, Sima Yi seized power from Cao Shuang in a coup d'état and had Cao's entire clan executed. Since then, the Wei government was effectively controlled by the Simas. After Sima Yi's death, the power was inherited by his eldest son Sima Shi, and was later passed on to his second son Sima Zhao when Sima Shi died.

After the Incident at Gaoping Tombs, Sima Yi promoted Wang Ling, the general in charge of Shouchun, to the rank of Grand Commandant (太尉). Wang Ling and his nephew Linghu Yu (令狐愚) felt that the emperor Cao Fang was too young to rule, and saw that Sima Yi was actually the one in control of state power. They planned to depose Cao Fang and replace him with Cao Biao (曹彪), the Prince of Chu. Linghu Yu sent his subordinate Zhang Shi (張式) to contact Cao Biao.

In the spring of 251, Wang Ling seized the opportunity to send a petition to the Wei court, asking for permission to attack Eastern Wu forces in Tushui (塗水). The campaign against Wu was actually a mask for Wang Ling's intention to rebel. Wang Ling did not receive any reply so he sent Yang Hong (楊弘) to inform Huang Hua (黃華), the Inspector of Yan Province, of their plans, in the hope that Huang would support him. However, Yang Hong and Huang Hua reported Wang Ling to Sima Yi instead. News of the revolt reached the Wei emperor Cao Fang in the fourth lunar month of 251. (This would be between approximately early March and early June) Sima Yi then personally led an army to suppress the revolt. Wang Ling was aware that he was outmatched so he agreed to surrender after Sima Yi promised to pardon him for treason. Wang Ling knew that he would be sentenced to death anyway, so he committed suicide in the fifth lunar month (Summer has started) while being escorted to the capital Luoyang. Wang Ling's clan was also exterminated and Cao Biao was ordered to take his own life.


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